The Effects of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on Turkey Poults: Assessment of Biochemical Parameters and Histopathological Changes

Abstract

A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a large molecule and an outer membrane glycolipid found in Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli (E. coli). These molecules (LPS) target acute inflammatory responses and significant physiological changes. Importantly, E. coli is considered one of the most important bacterial causes of avian colibacillosis that affect domestic turkey industry. However, little information is available about the potential influence of LPS on the biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in turkey poults. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules on serum biomarkers and histopathological changes in turkey poults. The birds were randomly divided into five groups, as follows: group I did not receive any inoculation; group II was inoculated with sterile saline; and groups III, IV, and V were inoculated intraperitoneally with LPS at 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg of body weight (BW), respectively. The biochemical parameters and the histopathology of different organs were examined in all birds one day post-inoculation. Our results revealed hypolipidemia, hypoglycemia, a significant decrease in uric acid, and a significant increase in serum activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK), as well as cardiac troponin T concentrations in treated groups. Moreover, there was a significant increase in α1-, β-, and γ-globulin concentrations and a decrease in albumin and α2-globulin concentrations in group V. However, a significant increase in α2- and γ-globulin levels and a decrease in albumin levels were detected in groups III and IV. In addition, significant decreases in the albumin/globulin ratio were recorded in all LPS-treated groups. Hepatocellular and cardiac muscle necrosis, slight renal changes, and massive pulmonary inflammatory reactions were recorded. This study provides valuable information about serum biomarkers, protein fractions, and histopathological changes in turkey poults treated with LPS for further investigations of pathophysiological mechanisms in avian medicine along with biomedical research.

Growth and response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge in Lohmann LSL-Lite pullets when fed a source of omega-3 fatty acids and yeast bioactives from hatch through to 16 wk of age

“…The LPS challenge elevated plasma AST and GLDH and decreased GGT and lipase in the present study. These observations are similar to previous studies which demonstrated that changes of AST level are related to damage and morphological alteration of liver in turkey and chicken ( Curtis and Butler, 1980 ; Elazab et al, 2022 ). Plasma CK exhibited interaction between diet and LPS challenge.…”

“…Independent of LPS, FFF reduced plasma cholesterol in alignment with the fact that n-3 FA are known to reduce plasma cholesterol ( Connor et al, 1993 ). Plasma uric acid is an indicator of oxidative stress and kidney function ( Rivetz et al, 1977 ; Jing et al, 2014 ; Elazab et al, 2022 ). Furthermore, elevated plasma bile acids can be linked to liver disease ( Bromidge et al, 1985 ).…”

Dietary Bacillus spp. supplementation to both sow and progenies improved post-weaning growth rate, gut function, and reduce the pro-inflammatory cytokine production in weaners challenged with Escherichia coli K88

“…Following this, Wang et al [ 57 ] stated that weaned piglets fed diet supplemented with Lactobacillus fermentum and Pedioccocus acidilactici reduced the concentration of IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ in the serum thereby reducing the damage caused by inflammation and this finding correlates with the present study in which weanlings receive probiotic diet highly suppress the production of serum interleukin-6 and TNF-α concentration in E. coli challenged pigs. It should be noted that E. coli has molecular patterns on its surface, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and flagellin that bind with toll-like receptors on macrophage surfaces, and triggers to secrete interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8) [ 58 ]. Therefore, it can be suggested that feeding probiotic to maternal sow might help their offspring to modulate the secretion of cytokines in response to endotoxin challenge such as E. coli by increase the chance of establishing a homeostatic ecosystem of the host to withstand diarrhea at postweaning stage.…”

Modulatory effect of dietary probiotic and prebiotic supplementation on growth, immuno-biochemical alterations, DNA damage, and pathological changes in E. coli-infected broiler chicks

“…In contrast, chicken challenged with E. coli (G4) showed a significant increase in serum IL6, which is consistent with a previous study ( 71 ), and the possible explanation could be due to the infection with bacteria, as E. coli enhanced production of extreme levels of IL6 ( 72 , 73 ). It should be noted that E. coli has molecular patterns on its surface, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and flagellin that bind with toll-like receptors on macrophage surfaces, causing interleukins to be secreted (IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8) ( 74 , 75 ). Meanwhile, the infected groups supplemented with probiotic and prebiotic (G5 and G6) showed a significant improvement in serum IL6 compared with G4.…”