The Effects of backpack weight on the biomechanics of load carriage

Harman, Everett A.; Hoon, Ki; Frykman, Peter; Pandorf, Clay E.

doi:10.21236/ada377886

Cited by 118 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…A notion supported in part with results from this study which showed significant decreases in force produced at toe-off when carrying loads in a military backpack. A similar principal was observed by Harman et al (2001), but instead of a lower thrust maximum they found the force minimum was decreased when the body's CoM was displaced further away from its natural position. Kinoshita (1985) also suggested that a double-pack system may produce more vertically orientated force vectors when compared to the backpack system due to the more erect walking posture.…”

Section: Insert Figure 2 Heresupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Forward lean is the body's way of balancing out the moments caused by adding additional load to the posterior of the body. The greater 8 the load or the further away this load is placed from the body's neutral CoM, the greater the forward lean (Attwells et al, 2006;Harman et al, 2000;Polcyn et al 2002).…”

Section: Changes Observed To the Thrust Maximummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effect that military load carriage has on ground reaction force (GRF) parameters has been examined previously in the literature (Birrell et al, 2007;Harman et al, 2000;Kinoshita, 1985;Lloyd and Cooke, 2000a;Polcyn et al, 2002;Tilbury-Davis and Hooper, 1999). However, less attention has been paid to the distribution of load on the body, particularly with respects to the biomechanical changes of gait.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To the author's knowledge only five studies have investigated some aspects of load distribution on GRF parameters, including just three papers in peer-reviewed journal (Kinoshita, 1985;Cooke, 2000a, Hsiang andChang, 2002), one military report (Harman et al, 2001) and one conference paper (Koulmann, 2006). These available studies have generally been restricted to between 4 and 6 load and carrying system combinations, with limited mechanisms put forward for the observed changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of load distribution within military load carriage systems on the kinetics of human gait

Birrell

Haslam

2010

Applied Ergonomics

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Section: Insert Figure 2 Heresupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Changes Observed To the Thrust Maximummentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of load distribution within military load carriage systems on the kinetics of human gait

Birrell

Haslam

2010

Applied Ergonomics

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“…Although they need compressed air supply, which makes them less useful for daily life applications, they are frequently used in a lab environment to study general principles on humanexoskeleton interaction. Because they cannot achieve the high inflation and deflation frequency needed for running, higher intensities without drastically changing the walking pattern (Franz and Kram 2012;Harman et al 2000;Lay et al 2006;Lay et al 2007) can only be achieved during uphill walking and by adding external weights (Kramer 2010). It seems reasonable that subjects can benefit from push-off assistance during loaded uphill walking as previous research showed that subjects can benefit from an exoskeleton during uphill walking (Sawicki and Ferris 2009a) and during load carrying (Mooney et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing performance during inclined loaded walking with a powered ankle–foot exoskeleton

et al. 2014

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PURPOSE. A simple ankle-foot exoskeleton that assists plantarflexion during push-off can reduce the metabolic power during walking. This suggests that walking performance during a maximal incremental exercise could be improved with an exoskeleton if the exoskeleton is still efficient during maximal exercise intensities. Therefore, we quantified the walking performance during a maximal incremental exercise test with a powered and unpowered exoskeleton: uphill walking with progressively higher weights.METHODS. Nine female subjects performed two incremental exercise tests with an exoskeleton: one day with (powered condition) and another day without (unpowered condition) plantarflexion assistance.Subjects walked on an inclined treadmill (15%) at 5 km•h -1 and 5% of body weight was added every 3 min until exhaustion.RESULTS. At volitional termination no significant differences were found between the powered and unpowered condition for blood lactate concentration (respectively 7.93±2.49; 8.14±2.24mmol•L -1 ), heart rate (respectively 190.00±6.50; 191.78±6.50bpm), Borg score (respectively 18.57±0.79; 18.93±0.73) and 2 peak (respectively 40.55±2.78; 40.55±3.05ml•min -1 •kg -1 ). Thus, subjects were able to reach the same (near) maximal effort in both conditions. However, subjects continued the exercise test longer in the powered condition and carried 7.07±3.34kg more weight because of the assistance of the exoskeleton.

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Ergonomic assessment for designing manual material handling tasks at a food warehouse in India: A case study

Adhaye,

Jolhe

2023

Hum Ftrs & Erg Mfg Svc

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Manual handling of heavy grain bags is a commonplace activity across agriculture produce supply chain. In the present research, a manual material handling involving lifting, lowering, and carrying grain bags along the paths of variable characteristics is critically analyzed to explore the risk associated with it. The humans engaged in this activity are found to be facing discomfort, suffering from pain and musculoskeletal disorders, and undergoing medication for the same. This study proposes and demonstrates a structured ergonomic evaluation methodology to not only assess the level of discomfort/pain but also evaluate risk factors such as load handled, method of handling, frequency of handling, awkward postures, path characteristics, and so on. It employs a systematic multimethod approach consisting of Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion, Ovako Working posture Assessment System, NIOSH Lifting Equation, Rapid Entire Body Assessment, and Key Indicator Method. The study reveals that about 94% of the sample population suffered from moderate to severe discomfort in ankle, knee, and lower back. Eight basic activities responsible for risky postures are identified. Frequency of handling, weight being handled, back bending/twisting, poor coupling, and walking surface are observed as major contributors to musculoskeletal discomfort. Carrying on shoulder is found to be riskier than carrying on back; however, the risk is found to be significantly lowered by carrying on backpack. The present study identifies the need for task redesign, proper gripping arrangements, auxiliary devices for lifting/carrying, and improvement in the path characteristics.

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The Effects of backpack weight on the biomechanics of load carriage

Cited by 118 publications

References 61 publications

The effect of load distribution within military load carriage systems on the kinetics of human gait

The effect of load distribution within military load carriage systems on the kinetics of human gait

Enhancing performance during inclined loaded walking with a powered ankle–foot exoskeleton

Ergonomic assessment for designing manual material handling tasks at a food warehouse in India: A case study

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