“…Foredune vegetation can be directly affected by environmental factors such as beach/surfzone type, salt spray, low nutrient conditions, sand burial by aeolian deposition, surface erosion (Oosting and Billings, 1942;Barbour and de Jong, 1977;Travis, 1977;Barbour, 1978;Boorman, 1982;Avis and Lubke, 1985;Hesp, 1988Hesp, , 1989Maun, 1994;Hesp and Martinez, 2007), sand movement (Moreno-Casasola and Epejel, 1986), high surface temperatures and low water retention in a high porosity substrate (Van der Valk, 1974;Cordazzo and Seeliger, 1995;Hesp, 1991).…”