The effects of amount of information in the Stroop color word test

Williams, Evelyn

doi:10.3758/bf03199512

Cited by 32 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…An alternative strategy of arbitrarily labelling four buttons with color names is not optimal, as it adds an undesired layer of cognitive complexity and requires subjects to have training in order to learn the designated button-color combinations. Use of a Color Stroop with fewer colors might avoid the issue of cognitive complexity, but a review [MacLeod, 1991] of relevant studies that varied stimulus set sizes [Golden, 1974;Gholson and Hohle, 1968;Ray, 1974;McClain, 1983;Williams, 1977] and response set sizes [Ray, 1974;Nielssen, 1975;La Heij et al, 1985] could not provide a definitive conclusion on effects of manipulating either parameter. Therefore, to facilitate comparisons with existing Stroop task neuroimaging data, a stimulus/response set size of four is desirable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The counting stroop: An interference task specialized for functional neuroimaging-validation study with functional MRI

et al. 1998

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The anterior cingulate cortex has been activated by color Stroop tasks, supporting the hypothesis that it is recruited to mediate response selection or allocate attentional resources when confronted with competing information-processing streams. The current study used the newly developed "Counting Stroop" to identify the mediating neural substrate of cognitive interference. The Counting Stroop, a Stroop variant allowing on-line response time measurements while obviating speech, was created because speaking produces head movements that can exceed those tolerated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), preventing the collection of vital performance data. During this task, subjects report by button-press the number of words (1-4) on the screen, regardless of word meaning. Interference trials contain number words that are incongruent with the correct response (e.g., "two" written three times), while neutral trials contain single semantic category common animals (e.g., "bird"). Nine normal right-handed adult volunteers underwent fMRI while performing the Counting Stroop. Group fMRI data revealed significant (P < or = 10(-4) activity in the cognitive division of anterior cingulate cortex when contrasting the interference vs. neutral conditions. On-line performance data showed 1) longer reaction times for interference blocks than for neutral ones, and 2) decreasing reaction times with practice during interference trials (diminished interference effects), indicating that learning occurred. The performance data proved to be a useful guide in analyzing the image data. The relative difference in anterior cingulate activity between the interference and neutral conditions decreased as subjects learned the task. These findings have ramifications for attentional, cognitive interference, learning, and motor control mechanism theories.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The counting stroop: An interference task specialized for functional neuroimaging-validation study with functional MRI

et al. 1998

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“…Until recently, the only discordant Stroop study was that of Williams (1977), who used the largest variation: from 2 to 8. She found that both interference and facilitation increased as set size increased.…”

Section: Stimulus Set Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.

MacLeod

1991

Psychological Bulletin

4,741

165

3,607

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The literature on interference in the Stroop Color-Word Task, covering over 50 years and some 400 studies, is organized and reviewed. In so doing, a set ofl 8 reliable empirical findings is isolated that must be captured by any successful theory of the Stroop effect. Existing theoretical positions are summarized and evaluated in view of this critical evidence and the 2 major candidate theories--relative speed of processing and automaticity of reading--are found to be wanting. It is concluded that recent theories placing the explanatory weight on parallel processing of the irrelevant and the relevant dimensions are likely to be more successful than are earlier theories attempting to locate a single bottleneck in attention.In 1935, J. R. Stroop published his landmark article on attention and interference, an article more influential now than it was then. Why has the Stroop task continued to fascinate us? Perhaps the task is seen as tapping into the primitive operations of cognition, offering clues to the fundamental process of attention. Perhaps the robustness of the phenomenon provides a special challenge to decipher. Together these are powerful attractions in a field of complex phenomena where the most subtie variation may exert a dramatic effect.In writing this article, I have two primary intentions. The first is to create a taxonomy of the empirical work on the Stroop task and its analogs. At least 70% of the more than 700 Strooprelated articles in the literature have been published since the reviews by Dyer (1973c) and Jensen and Rohwer (1966). Furthermore, Dyer's theoretical framework now seems in need of reconsideration, so that his review no longer provides the optimal organization. The second aim, then, is to survey existing theories, showing the critical weaknesses in the standard explanations and dispelling some myths that have arisen. I argue for a new theoretical framework for the Stroop effect, informed by contemporary cognitive psychology. This framework is more comprehensive than many earlier experiment-specific hypotheses, and suggests directions in which future research might profitably proceed.

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“…Reaction time was analyzed using one-way repeated measure ANOVA, with stimulus type as an independent variable. The effects of stimulus type, F (1,29)=5.017, p<.05, were significant. As shown in Figure 1, reaction time was longer for probe than irrelevant in 2P.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The effects of the number of stimulus-set are also reported for Stroop color word test and picture-word interference task [28]. In Williams' study, Stroop test was conducted by measuring the response time with increasing numbers of colors and color names from two to eight [29]. Results showed that the more diverse the colors, the longer it takes to accurately identify colored words.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Varying Numbers of Probes on RT-based CIT Accuracy

Eom

Sohn

Park

et al. 2016

IJMUE

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RT-based Concealed Information Test (CIT) has been suggested to detect lying with high accuracy. However, because previous research have been conducted with a minimum of five probes, limited evidence is available to determine whether or not the RT-based CIT is also useful in precisely detecting lies with less than five probes. In this study, the accuracy of an RT-based Concealed Information Test (CIT) was examined by varying the numbers of probes used for the test. Results suggested that the RT-based CIT produces accurate lie detecting outcomes as the number of probes increases from a single probe to three probes. When five probes were used, however, the accuracy level did not improve from the level achieved with three probes. Interestingly, the accuracy decreased when the stimuli for the RT-based CIT were constructed with numeric elements of an event such as the amount of money. Further discussed are possible explanations in regards to the differences observed in the RT-based CIT accuracy rates dependent on the numbers of probes.Based on the Experiment 1, in the second experiment we measured the accuracy of the RT-based CIT was measured using two probes.

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The effects of amount of information in the Stroop color word test

Cited by 32 publications

References 18 publications

The counting stroop: An interference task specialized for functional neuroimaging-validation study with functional MRI

The counting stroop: An interference task specialized for functional neuroimaging-validation study with functional MRI

Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.

Effects of Varying Numbers of Probes on RT-based CIT Accuracy

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