The effects of age and divided attention on spontaneous recognition

Anderson, Benjamin A.; Jacoby, Larry L.; Thomas, Ruthann C.; Balota, David A.

doi:10.3758/s13421-010-0046-z

Cited by 29 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…Although DA at retrieval typically does not impair explicit or implicit memory to the same degree as DA at encoding (Lozito & Mulligan, 2010;Naveh-Benjamin, Craik, Perretta, & Tonev, 2000;Troyer & Craik, 2000), there is at least indirect evidence that inhibitory control processes are reduced by the addition of a secondary task at test. During an old/new recognition task, both young adults under DA conditions and older adults under full attention (FA) conditions show a bias toward responding Bold^when test items are presented simultaneously with familiar, to-be-ignored distracters (Anderson, Jacoby, Thomas, & Balota, 2011). This result, in combination with similar findings elsewhere in the literature (e.g.…”

supporting

confidence: 83%

Divided attention reduces resistance to distraction at encoding but not retrieval

Weeks

Hasher

2016

Psychon Bull Rev

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Older adults show implicit memory for previously seen distraction, an effect attributed to poor attentional control. It is unclear whether this effect results from lack of control over encoding during the distraction task, lack of retrieval constraint during the test task, or both. In the present study, we simulated poor distraction control in young adults using divided attention at encoding, at retrieval, at both times, or not at all. The encoding task was a 1-back task on pictures with distracting superimposed letter strings, some of which were words. The retrieval task was a word fragment completion task testing implicit memory for the distracting words. Attention was divided using an auditory odd digit detection task. Dividing attention at encoding, but not at retrieval, resulted in significant priming for distraction, which suggests that control over encoding processes is a primary determinant of distraction transfer in populations with low inhibitory control (e.g. older adults).

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supporting

confidence: 83%

Divided attention reduces resistance to distraction at encoding but not retrieval

Weeks

Hasher

2016

Psychon Bull Rev

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“…A. Anderson et al, 2011). What are the conditions that give rise to relatively spontaneous remindings?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A. Anderson, Jacoby, Thomas, &Balota, 2011, andSte-Marie &Jacoby, 1993, for research showing interfering effects of spontaneous remembering). However, spontaneous remembering (reminding) also has beneficial effects, as in the case of its contributing to the effects of repetition.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the importance of looking back: The role of recursive remindings in recency judgments and cued recall

Jacoby

Wahlheim

2013

Mem Cogn

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Suppose that you were asked which of two movies you had most recently seen. The results of the experiments reported here suggest that your answer would be more accurate if, when viewing the later movie, you were reminded of the earlier one. In the present experiments, we investigated the role of remindings in recency judgments and cued-recall performance. We did this by presenting a list composed of two instances from each of several different categories and later asking participants to select (Exp. 1) or to recall (Exp. 2) the more recently presented instance. Reminding was manipulated by varying instructions to look back over memory of earlier instances during the presentation of later instances. As compared to a control condition, cued-recall performance revealed facilitation effects when remindings occurred and were later recollected, but interference effects in their absence. The effects of reminding on recency judgments paralleled those on cued recall of more recently presented instances. We interpret these results as showing that reminding produces a recursive representation that embeds memory for an earlier-presented category instance into that of a later-presented one and, thereby, preserves their temporal order. Large individual differences in the probabilities of remindings and of their later recollection were observed. The widespread importance of recursive reminding for theory and for applied purposes is discussed.Keywords Recursive remindings . Recency judgments . Cued recall Life can only be understood backwards, but it must be lived forwards. -Søren Kierkegaard (1869/1996 Although life must be lived forward, memory can serve as a source of assistance when dealing with the present and planning for the future. As an example, being reminded of a prior event by the occurrence of a later event can influence the encoding and subsequent memory of both the earlier and the later events (e.g., Wahlheim & Jacoby, 2013). However, such reminding is not likely to always be spontaneous, but instead may sometimes rely on purposeful looking back to the past. In the present article, we examine the importance of looking back for judgments of recency and for performance when participants are asked to recall the most recently presented instance of a category. For both types of task, we show that looking back, along with resultant remindings, are important for performance and can be brought under task control.We begin by describing the importance of reminding for a variety of memory tasks, and then consider advantages of bringing remindings under task control as a means of investigating their effects. To anticipate, we show that as compared to a control condition, proactive facilitation is found in cued recall of the most recently presented instance of a category in the presence of recollection of a prior reminding, whereas proactive interference is found in its absence. In the General Discussion, we describe the widespread importance of remindings and discuss results suggestive of large individual difference...

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“…A. Anderson et al, 2011;Hintzman, 2011;Kelley & Jacoby, 2000;SteMarie & Jacoby, 1993). Although several studies have induced involuntary autobiographical memories using laboratory techniques (Ball, 2007;Berntsen, Staugaard, & Sørensen, 2013;Schlagman & Kvavilashvili, 2008;Uzer, Lee, & Brown, 2012), to our knowledge, this is the first study to use a laboratory paradigm to examine past and future events that are retrieved voluntarily and involuntarily.…”

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confidence: 99%

Inducing involuntary and voluntary mental time travel using a laboratory paradigm

2015

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Although involuntary past and future mental time travel (MTT) has been examined outside the laboratory in diary studies, MTT has primarily been studied in the context of laboratory studies using voluntary construction tasks. In this study, we adapted and extended a paradigm previously used to elicit involuntary and voluntary memories (Schlagman & Kvavilashvili in Memory & Cognition, 36, 920-932, 2008). Our aim was -for the first time -to examine involuntary and voluntary future MTT under controlled laboratory conditions. The involuntary task involved a monotonous task that included potential cues for involuntary MTT. Temporal direction was manipulated between participants whereas retrieval mode was manipulated within participants. We replicated robust past-future differences, such as the future positivity bias. Additionally, we replicated key voluntary-involuntary differences: Involuntary future representations had similar characteristics as involuntary memories in that they were elicited faster, were more specific, and garnered more emotional impact than their voluntary counterparts. We also found that the future and past involuntary MTT led to both positive and negative mood impact, and that the valence of the impact was associated with the emotional valence of the event. This study advances scientific understanding of involuntary future representations in healthy populations and validates a laboratory paradigm that can be flexibly and systematically utilized to explore different characteristics of voluntary and involuntary MTT, which has not been possible within naturalistic paradigms.

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The effects of age and divided attention on spontaneous recognition

Cited by 29 publications

References 59 publications

Divided attention reduces resistance to distraction at encoding but not retrieval

Divided attention reduces resistance to distraction at encoding but not retrieval

On the importance of looking back: The role of recursive remindings in recency judgments and cued recall

Inducing involuntary and voluntary mental time travel using a laboratory paradigm

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