The effects of age and sex on pain sensitivity in young lambs

Guesgen, M.J.; Beausoleil, Ngaio J.; Minot, Edward O.; Stewart, Mairi; Jones, Geoff; Stafford, Kevin J.

doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2011.09.008

Cited by 28 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Di Giminiani et al (2013) have demonstrated that smaller pigs (∼30 kg) respond more quickly to CO 2 laser stimulation than larger pigs (∼60 kg). However, as for other studies using juveniles, the effect of body weight has not been analysed independently of age (Ting et al, 2010;Guesgen et al, 2011) and it is not possible to establish whether or not it was a contributing variable in any differences observed. It is possible that both behavioural differences in younger animals and cutaneous neural density will impact upon speed of response (Di Giminiani et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been found to differ based upon general characteristics such as age (rats: Gagliese and Melzack, 2000) and sex (Greenspan et al, 2007). Complex interactions between two or more factors are also evident such as sex and age (sheep: Guesgen et al, 2011) or age and body weight (piglets: Janczak et al, 2012). In addition to body weight, obesity may also have impacts upon nociceptive mechanical and thermal thresholds (rats: Iannitti et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) lasers have been implemented to elicit behavioural responses to thermal nociceptive thresholds in various species including rats (Kao and Jaw, 2012), sheep (Guesgen et al, 2011), pigs (Di Giminiani et al, 2013;Herskin et al, 2009) and cattle (Ting et al, 2010;Veissier et al, 2000). More recently the CO 2 laser technique was validated as a tool for measuring thermal nociceptive thresholds in domestic cats (Felis catus) (Farnworth et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body weight affects behavioural indication of thermal nociceptive threshold in adult domestic cats (Felis catus)

Farnworth

Barrett

Adams

et al. 2013

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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a b s t r a c tCarbon dioxide (CO 2 ) thermal lasers have previously been validated for the assessment of nociception in cats. This experiment sought to assess the potential impact of factors associated with age, sex, body weight and sterilisation upon nociceptive threshold as measured by latency to display a behavioural response. Cats (N = 113) were exposed to a CO2 thermal laser three times during a 45-60 min test period depending upon the interval between tests. A minimum of 15 min elapsed between consecutive tests on any one individual. Time to display either a skin twitch or withdrawal was measured. Intra-class correlations showed the three measurements to be repeatable across tests for any given cat (ICC = 0.482; P < 0.001). Males had a significantly longer mean latency to respond than females (14.83 s and 12.59 s respectively; P = 0.028). Analyses of co-variance established that the body weight of females significantly affected response threshold (P = 0.013) but for males this effect was marginal (P = 0.058). All other factors included in the analyses were non-significant. A post hoc ttest for males and females with overlapping body weights found no significant differences between the sexes (P = 0.721). The precise reason for the effect of body weight on latency to respond is unknown and further exploration is needed particularly as it relates to subcutaneous fat deposition and skin temperature. It is concluded that, for cats, the body weight of the subject should be standardised or included in any analyses for assessment of nociception. Inclusion of body weight data in analyses may also prove useful when using a CO2 laser protocol in other species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body weight affects behavioural indication of thermal nociceptive threshold in adult domestic cats (Felis catus)

Farnworth

Barrett

Adams

et al. 2013

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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“…There is some thought that neonates do not experience pain due an underdeveloped nervous system, and so anesthesia and analgesia are very often not administered. This is not the case; each method causes pain to the animal demonstrated through changes in behavior and physiology [51][52][53], irrespective of age [54]. The pain caused by these procedures can be acute [55], lasting only a few days, or it can be longer lasting (up to 42 days [56]), and thus chronic.…”

Section: Routine Practicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This can be particularly difficult due to a number of other factors affecting how an individual may perceive the pain experienced, including any previous experience of pain they may have had, and when this experience occurred [57,102,103]. An individual's personality may also affect their perception of pain [104], along with their sex [54].…”

Section: Assessing Pain In Farm Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Pain Is Still a Welfare Issue for Farm Animals, and How Facial Expression Could Be the Answer

McLennan

2018

Agriculture

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Pain is a sensory and emotional experience that significantly affects animal welfare and has negative impacts on the economics of farming. Pain is often associated with common production diseases such as lameness and mastitis, as well as introduced to the animal through routine husbandry practices such as castration and tail docking. Farm animals are prey species which tend not to overtly express pain or weakness, making recognizing and evaluating pain incredibly difficult. Current methods of pain assessment do not provide information on what the animal is experiencing at that moment in time, only that its experience is having a long term negative impact on its behavior and biological functioning. Measures that provide reliable information about the animals' affective state in that moment are urgently required; facial expression as a pain assessment tool has this ability. Automation of the detection and analysis of facial expression is currently in development, providing further incentive to use these methods in animal welfare assessment.

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Good Health: Recognition and Prevention of Disease and Pain in Dromedary Camels

Benaissa,

Iglesias Pastrana

2024

Animal Welfare

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The effects of age and sex on pain sensitivity in young lambs

Cited by 28 publications

References 35 publications

Body weight affects behavioural indication of thermal nociceptive threshold in adult domestic cats (Felis catus)

Body weight affects behavioural indication of thermal nociceptive threshold in adult domestic cats (Felis catus)

Why Pain Is Still a Welfare Issue for Farm Animals, and How Facial Expression Could Be the Answer

Good Health: Recognition and Prevention of Disease and Pain in Dromedary Camels

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