The effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercises on circulating soluble-Klotho and IGF-I in young and elderly adults and in CAD patients

Abstract

Different studies support the notion that chronic aerobic exercises training can influence the circulating levels of soluble-Klotho (s-Klotho) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I). The effects of s-Klotho include improving the quality of life, alleviating the negative impact of age on the body’s work capacity, and possibly increasing longevity. This review provides an overview of the latest findings in this field of research in humans. The different modes of dynamic exercise and their impact on circulating levels of s-Klotho and IGF-I in young adult athletes, untrained young adults, trained healthy older adults, untrained healthy older adults, and coronary artery disease (CAD) patients are reviewed and discussed. Together these findings suggest that long-lasting (chronic) aerobic exercise training is probably one of the antiaging factors that counteract the aging and CAD process by increasing the circulating s-Klotho and lowering the IGF-I levels. However, following anaerobic exercise training the opposite occurs. The exact metabolic and physiological pathways involved in the activity of these well-trained young and master sportsmen should be further studied and elucidated. The purpose of this review was to provide a clarification regarding the roles of s-Klotho and intensities and durations of different exercise on human health.

The Effect of Exercise on Glucoregulatory Hormones: A Countermeasure to Human Aging: Insights from a Comprehensive Review of the Literature

“…Taken together (Table 3), these data suggest that HIIT, resistance and combined training may be a countermeasure to the age and lifestyle-related reduction in IGF-1, activating some gene pathways and protein cascades [98,99].…”

Sixteen weeks of aerobic training influence spirometry, s-klotho, and hemodynamic responses to sub-maximal exercise testing in obese men with severe obstructive sleep apnea

“…[46][47][48] While resistance training showed no to little effect on s-klotho levels, aerobic training, especially chronic aerobic training has been proven to increase the biomarker's levels. 25,[46][47][48] The current study further suggest that s-klotho levels increase from baseline to immediate-post exercise and then decrease. Levels of s-klotho are higher immediatepost and decrease faster in healthy compared to OSA subjects.…”

Is Sleep Associated with the S-Klotho Anti-Aging Protein in Sedentary Middle-Aged Adults? The FIT-AGEING Study

“…Within the three identified α-Klotho protein types [ 31 ], its secreted (or soluble) form (S-Klotho)—expressed in the blood, plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid—works as a circulating hormone with significant metabolic functions on different tissues and organs, including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects [ 29 , 32 , 33 ]. Thus, the S-Klotho identified in plasma levels, which has been robustly associated with the α-Klotho gene expression [ 34 ], may be a powerful biomarker of biological anti-aging and, in turn, a promising therapeutic target for the prevention of aged-related disorders.…”