The effects of acute aerobic exercise on executive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data

Ishihara, Toru; Drollette, Eric S.; Ludyga, Sebastian; Hillman, Charles H.; Kamijo, Keita

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.026

Cited by 71 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…HIIE exercise is a difficult routine to accomplish, especially for those unfamiliar or inexperienced, and this may increase heterogeneity in psychological preferences and attitudes toward the task [ 41 ]. This assertion is supported by emerging evidence suggesting that individual differences in cognitive and affective mood states moderate psychological performance following the exercise bout [ 24 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. Although the present study did not include measures of the psychological mental context surrounding the exercise bouts, it is likely that such confounding factors may have contributed to the null findings observed in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

No Change in Inhibitory Control or P3 Following Different High-Intensity Interval Exercise Modalities

2022

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Acute aerobic high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has demonstrated positive effects on inhibitory control and P3 event-related potential (ERP) in young adults. However, the evidence is not well established regarding the effects of different HIIE modalities that incorporate aerobic-resistance training on these cognitive and neurocognitive outcomes. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the transient effects of HIIE-aerobic and HIIE-aerobic/resistance on P3 and Flanker task performance. Participants (n = 24; 18–25 years old) completed the Flanker task at two time points (30 min and 85 min) following 9 min of HIIE-aerobic (intermittent bouts of walking and running at 90% of maximal heart rate), HIIE-aerobic/resistance (intermittent bouts of walking and high-intensity calisthenics), and seated rest on three separate counterbalanced days. Results revealed no changes in Flanker performance (i.e., reaction time and response accuracy) or P3 (latency and mean amplitude) following either HIIE conditions compared to seated rest. Together, these data suggest inhibitory control and neuroelectric underpinnings are not affected by different modalities of HIIE at 30 min and 85 min post-exercise. Such findings reveal that engaging in short bouts of different HIIE modalities for overall health neither improves nor diminishes inhibitory control and brain function for an extended period throughout the day.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

No Change in Inhibitory Control or P3 Following Different High-Intensity Interval Exercise Modalities

2022

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“…Different factors, such as daytime (circadian) effects as well as different psycho-physiological states due to training, work and nutrition schedule as well as social interactions or sleep cannot be ruled out to influence the pre- to post-exercise comparison. Separate days instead of testing immediately prior to and after exercise might mitigate repetition/practice and pre-exercise level effects for cognitive testing [ 57 ], as well as potential memory, expectation or placebo effects on mood and affect [ 58 – 60 ], which is a strength of the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic, acute and protocol-dependent effects of exercise on psycho-physiological health during long-term isolation and confinement

et al. 2022

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Exercise could prevent physical and psychological deteriorations, especially during pandemic times of lock-down scenarios and social isolation. But to meet both, the common exercise protocols require optimization based on holistic investigations and with respect to underlying processes. This study aimed to explore individual chronic and acute effects of continuous and interval running exercise on physical and cognitive performance, mood, and affect and underlying neurophysiological factors during a terrestrial simulated space mission. Six volunteers (three females) were isolated for 120 days. Accompanying exercise training consisted of a continuous and interval running protocol in a cross-over design. Incremental stage tests on a treadmill were done frequently to test physical performance. Actigraphy was used to monitor physical activity level. Cognitive performance, mood (MoodMeter®), affect (PANAS), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and saliva cortisol were investigated prior to, four times during, and after isolation, pre- and post-exercise on two separate days, respectively. As a chronic effect, physical performance increased (and IGF-1 tended) in the course of isolation and training until the end of isolation. Subjective mood and affect state, as well as cognitive performance, basal BDNF and VEGF levels, were well-preserved across the intervention. No acute effects of exercise were detected, besides slower reaction time after exercise in two out of nine cognitive tests, testing sensorimotor speed and memory of complex figures. Consistently higher basal IGF-1 concentrations and faster reaction time in the psychomotor vigilance test were found for the continuous compared to the interval running protocol. The results suggest that 120 days of isolation and confinement can be undergone without cognitive and mental deteriorations. Regular, individual aerobic running training supporting physical fitness is hypothesized to play an important role in this regard. Continuous running exercise seems to trigger higher IGF-1 levels and vigilance compared to interval running. Systematic and prolonged investigations and larger sample size are required to follow up on exercise-protocol specific differences in order to optimize the exercise intervention for long-term psycho-physiological health and well-being.

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“…Enhanced error monitoring was also predicted where the acute exercise was given, with prolonged PES, increased post-error accuracy (PEA), and enhanced ERN and Pe amplitudes regardless of emotional settings. However, a recent meta-analysis ( Ishihara et al, 2021 ) focused on the moderation of cognitive demand showed that the benefits of acute exercise on executive function are more considerable when a higher cognitive demand is introduced and in consideration of presenting emotional images in which the stop signal task could interfere both cortical activities and behavioral performance in executive control ( Verbruggen and De Houwer, 2007 ; Camfield et al, 2018 ), which should require more cognitive resources than the neutral emotion, we anticipated that the effects of acute exercise on dependent variables to be greater in the presence of negative stimuli than in the neutral condition. To best represent the populations with violent behaviors, we recruited individuals who had a history of violent offense(s) (e.g., homicides and bodily harm) that was linked to decreased executive control in literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Exercise Improves Inhibitory Control but Not Error Detection in Male Violent Perpetrators: An ERPs Study With the Emotional Stop Signal Task

Chen

Muggleton

et al. 2022

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Violence has been linked to the co-occurrence of cognitive dysfunction and altered activations in several brain regions. Empirical evidence demonstrated the benefits of acute exercise on motor inhibition and error detection and their neuronal processing. However, whether such effects also hold for the population with violent behaviors remains unknown. This study examined the effects of acute aerobic exercise on inhibitory control and error monitoring among violent offenders. Fifteen male violent offenders were counterbalanced into experimental protocols, which comprised a 30-min moderately aerobic exercise [60% heart rate (HR) reserve] and a 30-min reading control session. After each session, participants performed an emotional stop signal task while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded simultaneously. Results showed insignificant changes in ERPs components [i.e., N2, P3, error-related negativity (ERN), and error-positivity (Pe) amplitudes] and the behavioral performance in go condition, stop accuracy, and post-error adjustments by exercise. However, the current study demonstrated that the acute exercise facilitated stop signal reaction time (SSRT) when compared to the control session regardless of emotional conditions. This is the first research to exhibit the improvements in inhibitory performance by acute exercise for violent offenders. Most importantly, this effect was independent of affective settings, expanding the existing knowledge of the influences of acute exercise on cognition. Our findings implicate the perspective of acute exercise for clinical and correctional practices.

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The effects of acute aerobic exercise on executive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data

Cited by 71 publications

References 35 publications

No Change in Inhibitory Control or P3 Following Different High-Intensity Interval Exercise Modalities

No Change in Inhibitory Control or P3 Following Different High-Intensity Interval Exercise Modalities

Chronic, acute and protocol-dependent effects of exercise on psycho-physiological health during long-term isolation and confinement

Acute Exercise Improves Inhibitory Control but Not Error Detection in Male Violent Perpetrators: An ERPs Study With the Emotional Stop Signal Task

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