The effects of actinomycin D and chloramphenicol on the rat preimplantation embryos

Giavini, E; Vismara, Claudio

doi:10.1007/bf01953247

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This means that embryos with a greatly reduced number of blastomeres are able to implant and continue, at least in part, embryonic development. The toxicity of preimplantation development can certainly not be considered as just an "all or nothing" type of phenomenon; in fact, different types of alterations can be induced in the embryo, ranging from developmental retardation (evidenced by reduction in number of blastomeres) to retarded implantation [21,22], from embryolethality [ 14,161 to morphological alterations of the blastocyst [lo]. To this must be added that some toxic effects may reveal themselves during the postimplantation period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental toxicity during the preimplantation period: Embryotoxicity and clastogenic effects of chlorambucil in the rat

Giavini

Bonanomi

Ornaghi

1984

Teratog Carcinog Mutagen

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To evaluate the toxicological effects of chemicals on preimplantation mammalian embryos, pregnant rats were treated with chlorambucil (0, 3, 6, and 12 mg/kg IP) on day 1, 2, or 3 of gestation (positive vaginal smear = day 0). Blastocysts were collected on day 4 and evaluated for gross morphology, cell number, and mitotic index. Some females treated on day 3 post coitum were sacrificed on day 20 and fetuses were evaluated for teratogenic effects. On day 4 of gestation a dose-related reduction of cell number/embryo was recorded; this effect was most manifest with treatment on day 3 post coitum. The mitotic index was significantly higher in all treated groups. A dose-related increase in "micronucleus-like bodies" has been observed in treated embryos. A comparison with the micronucleus test in the bone marrow revealed a major sensitivity of the embryonic material. No malformations have been observed in fetuses at term, but their weights were significantly reduced and a dose-related increase of postimplantation loss was recorded in treated females.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental toxicity during the preimplantation period: Embryotoxicity and clastogenic effects of chlorambucil in the rat

Giavini

Bonanomi

Ornaghi

1984

Teratog Carcinog Mutagen

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“…Embryotoxicity was induced in rats when chloramphenicol (chemical form not specified) was i.p. injected on day 3 or 4 of gestation (Giavini et al, 1979). Mated female rats (Sprague-Dawley, Charles River) were treated either with 250 mg/kg b.w.…”

Section: Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…injected on day 3 or 4 of gestation (Giavini et al, 1979). Mated female rats (Sprague-Dawley, Charles River) were treated either with 250 mg/kg b.w.…”

Section: Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Chloramphenicol in food and feed

2014

EFS2

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Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic not authorised for use in food-producing animals in the European Union (EU). However, being produced by soil bacteria, it may occur in plants. The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of chloramphenicol in food and feed and whether a reference point for action (RPA) of 0.3 µg/kg is adequate to protect public and animal health. Data on occurrence of chloramphenicol in food extracted from the national residue monitoring plan results and from the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) were too limited to carry out a reliable human dietary exposure assessment. Instead, human dietary exposure was calculated for a scenario in which chloramphenicol is present at 0.3 µg/kg in all foods of animal origin, foods containing enzyme preparations and foods which may be contaminated naturally. The mean chronic dietary exposure for this worst-case scenario would range from 11 to 17 and 2.2 to 4.0 ng/kg b.w. per day for toddlers and adults, respectively. The potential dietary exposure of livestock to chloramphenicol was estimated to be below 1 µg/kg b.w. per day. Chloramphenicol is implicated in the generation of aplastic anaemia in humans and causes reproductive/hepatotoxic effects in animals. Margins of exposure for these effects were calculated at 2.4 × 10 5 or greater and the CONTAM Panel concluded that it is unlikely that exposure to food contaminated with chloramphenicol at or below 0.3 µg/kg is a health concern for aplastic anaemia or reproductive/hepatotoxic effects. Chloramphenicol exhibits genotoxicity but, owing to the lack of data, the risk of carcinogenicity cannot be assessed. The SUMMARYChloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and, in the past, has been widely used to treat infections in both humans and animals. Chloramphenicol is not authorised for use in food-producing animals in the European Union (EU) but may be used in human medicine and in treatments for non-food-producing animals. Apart from its potential occurrence as a residue in food from illicit treatment of food-producing animals, chloramphenicol has also been used in feed and food enzyme products and may occur naturally in plants from its production by the soil bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae.The EFSA Scientific Opinion entitled "Guidance on methodological principles and scientific methods to be taken into account when establishing Reference Points for Action (RPAs) for non-allowed pharmacologically active substances present in food of animal origin" identified an approach for establishing RPAs for various categories of non-allowed pharmacologically active substances. However, the opinion also identified certain categories of non-allowed pharmacologically active substances that are considered to be outside the scope of the procedure, including substances causing blood dyscrasias (aplastic anaemia) such as chloramphenicol. As chloramphenicol is excluded fro...

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Analysis of Embryotoxic Effects in Preimplantation Embryos

Spielmann

1987

The Mammalian Preimplantation Embryo

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The effects of actinomycin D and chloramphenicol on the rat preimplantation embryos

Abstract: Actinomycin D and chloramphenicol, injected in the rat on day 3 or 4 of gestation, induce embryolethality and embryotoxicity. These effects are revealed on day 5 of pregnancy by reduced number of blastocysts and by decrease of mean blastomeres number.

Cited by 11 publications

References 4 publications

Developmental toxicity during the preimplantation period: Embryotoxicity and clastogenic effects of chlorambucil in the rat

Developmental toxicity during the preimplantation period: Embryotoxicity and clastogenic effects of chlorambucil in the rat

Scientific Opinion on Chloramphenicol in food and feed

Analysis of Embryotoxic Effects in Preimplantation Embryos

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