The effectiveness of social reinforcers on persistence and learning tasks following positive and negative social interactions.

Berkowitz, Hershel; Butterfield, Earl C.; Zigler, Edward

doi:10.1037/h0022707

Cited by 43 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The second approach is the valence position advanced by Zigler and his co-workers (Berkowitz, Butterfield, & Zigler, 1965;McCoy & Zigler, 1965;Shallenberger & Zigler, 1961). Within this framework the nature of the child's interactions with particular adults determines their effectiveness as reinforcing agents.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Level of satiation on social reinforcers and valence of the reinforcing agent as determinants of social reinforcer effectiveness.

McArthur¹,

Zigler²

1969

Developmental Psychology

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The joint effect of (a) level of satiation with social stimuli (relative satiation) and (b) attitude of the child toward the reinforcing agent (valence) on social reinforcer effectiveness was investigated. The experiment was conducted in two parts. In Session 1, the valence manipulation, which consisted in showing subjects a film that depicted Experimenter 1 as nice or mean, was performed by Experimenter 1. In Session 2, 3 days later, the relative satiation manipulation was performed by Experimenter 2. The criterion task, administered by Experimenter 1, immediately followed the satiation manipulation. The positive valence condition resulted in longer playing times and faster initial performance on the criterion task. No such effects were found for the satiation variable. Neither valence nor satiation manipulations had a significant effect on the change in rate measure of social reinforcer effectiveness. The relationship among the dependent measures and the failure to replicate earlier relative satiation findings were discussed.Recent years have witnessed a burgeoning concern with the determinants of adult's effectiveness in reinforcing children's behavior. (See Stevenson, 1965, for a review of the many studies that have been conducted.) This concern is understandable if one remembers that it is the role of parents and

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Level of satiation on social reinforcers and valence of the reinforcing agent as determinants of social reinforcer effectiveness.

McArthur¹,

Zigler²

1969

Developmental Psychology

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“…Had such a group been included, it would be expected that the change score of the working-class boys would be significantly less than that of the unrun control group, if they were, indeed, consciously resisting experimenter influence. This experiment was not originally designed to assess the relative adequacy of the social drive (Berkowitz, 1964;Erickson, 1962;Gewirtz & Baer, 19S8a, 19S8b) as opposed to the valence position (Berkowitz, Butterfield, & Zigler, 196S;Berkowitz & Zigler, 196S;McCoy & Zigler, 1965;Shallenberger & Zigler, 1961) in accounting for the differential effectiveness of social reinforcers following different types of social interaction. Nevertheless, the present findings do appear to lend some post hoc support to the valence position.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social reinforcement, socioeconomic status, and susceptibility to experimenter influence.

Sgan¹

1967

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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The relative effects of 3 different kinds of social reinforcement on children's susceptibility to E influence on a preference task were explored in a beforeafter experimental design. 72 Ist-grade children, representing the sexes and 2 socioeconomic levels (middle and working classes) in equal numbers, comprised the sample. Each of 2 female adults served with a random i of the Ss under each of the experimental conditions. Susceptibility to E influence was indexed by the number of times S shifted an initial preference to agree with E's stated preferences. The results confirmed the hypothesized effectiveness of nurturance and withdrawal of nurturance over unresponsive attention, but they failed to bear out the expectation that withdrawal of nurturance leads to greater susceptibility than consistent nurturance. Working-class boys were significantly less susceptible to E influence, irrespective of treatment, than working-class girls and middle-class boys and girls.

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“…Some recent studies with nondeprived children (Berkowitz, Butterfield, & Zigler, 1965;McCoy & Zigler, 19 65 ;Zebrowitz& Zigler, 1967) have revealed parallel, though much more specific and short lived, determinants of the valence ascribed to the adult by the child. These studies have indicated that a preliminary positive interaction with a particular adult increases the child's positive tendency and decreases his negative tendency.…”

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confidence: 98%

Children's responsiveness to social reinforcement as a function of short-term preliminary social interactions and long-term social deprivation.

Irons¹,

Zigler²

1969

Developmental Psychology

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The performances of three groups (institutionalized, noninstitutionalized lower class, and ncninstitutionalized middle class) of boys on a positively reinforced social reinforcement task were investigated. Prior to performing on the criterion task, each subject experienced one of three preliminary experimental conditions: (a) positive, (b) neutral, or (c) no interaction with the experimenter. Across experimental conditions, the institutionalized group persisted longer on the criterion task than the other two groups. Both groups of noninstitutionalized boys in the stranger condition played for a less amount of time than those in the positive or neutral conditions. This effect of experimental conditions was not found for the institutionalized group. Lower-class ncninstitutionalized boys were less wary (lower negative reaction tendency) than were middle-class noninstitutionalized boys. Across groups, younger boys were less wary than older boys. Within the institutionalized groups, a negative relation was found between degree of preinstitutional deprivation and total playing time.

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The effectiveness of social reinforcers on persistence and learning tasks following positive and negative social interactions.

Cited by 43 publications

References 13 publications

Level of satiation on social reinforcers and valence of the reinforcing agent as determinants of social reinforcer effectiveness.

Level of satiation on social reinforcers and valence of the reinforcing agent as determinants of social reinforcer effectiveness.

Social reinforcement, socioeconomic status, and susceptibility to experimenter influence.

Children's responsiveness to social reinforcement as a function of short-term preliminary social interactions and long-term social deprivation.

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