“…In recent decades, computer-based visual representation tools such as concept maps, procedural flowcharts, causal maps, and integrated cognitive maps have been increasingly applied to educational practices and incorporated in computer-based learning environments to foster higher-order thinking and self-directed learning (Lajoie & Derry, 1993;Lee, Pradhan, & Dalgarno, 2008;Spector & Anderson, 2000;Wang, Derry, & Ge, 2017). Such visualisation-based cognitive tools (Jonassen, Carr, & Yueh, 1998) can help represent complex, abstract issues and processes that are difficult to convey in traditional formats.…”