“…Further, large-scale surveys on online teaching during COVID-19 revealed certain problems that largely restrict the effectiveness of online foreign language learning ( Boonchuayrod and Getkham, 2019 ), such as poor communication between teachers and students, students’ weak autonomous learning ability, insufficient student participation ( Kahu and Nelson, 2018 ; Chen and Cao, 2020 ; Yang et al, 2020 ), and students falling into the virtual absence state of “online but not studying” ( Zeynali et al, 2019 ). Therefore, many scholars have discussed how to improve foreign language learning ( Guo et al, 2022 ), and posited that learning motivation ( Ramkissoon et al, 2020 ; Purwaamijaya et al, 2021 ; Pan et al, 2022 ), willingness ( Menéndez et al, 2018 ; Widayanti and Suarnajaya, 2021 ), and learning input ( Habok and Magyar, 2018 ; Hou, 2018 ; Huang et al, 2018 ) are key factors in facilitating college students’ foreign language learning. Some scholars have argued that the online technology and teaching methods teachers use, as well as their interactions with students, are important factors affecting foreign language learning for college students ( Çankaya, 2018 ; Martin et al, 2019 ; Cai, 2021 ).…”