The effectiveness of low-cost soil treatments to reduce soil and dust lead hazards: The Boston lead safe yards low cost lead in soil treatment, demonstration and evaluation

Dixon, Sherry; McLaine, Pat; Kawecki, Carolyn; Maxfield, Robert; Duran, S. Perez; Hynes, Patricia; Plant, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2006.01.006

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…It may be especially efficient for checking before official inspection. Another similar type of application is hazard mapping in populated areas, for agricultural use (Weindorf et al, 2012a), residential use (Dixon et al, 2006;Carr et al, 2008) or source identification (Yuan, Sun et al, 2014).…”

Section: Site Verificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of pXRF (field portable X-ray fluorescence) applications for applied geochemistry

Lemière

2018

Journal of Geochemical Exploration

152

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In the last thirty years, portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) has grown from prototypes to being a key technique for field geochemical analyses, especially for mining and environmental applications. This technology provides real-time or near real-time decision support for operational field decisions (exploration, mining, site remediation or waste management), provides a cost-saving alternative to classical laboratory analysis programs, and deals efficiently with remote or harsh field conditions. The ability to rapidly collect a large number of samples and replicate analyses facilitates acquisition of higher data density compatible with geostatistics.pXRF can be used profitably for sample screening and selection tasks, dynamic sampling plans based on field observations and measurements, grid mapping of a site and determining relative element abundance. In waste management and remediation, pXRF is used to identify unknown waste composition, and verify waste loads before disposal or treatment.In all applications, having robust QA/QC plans and systematic laboratory controls on selected samples are essential for ensuring reliable measurements. The best overall results are usually achieved through a clever combination of field (pXRF) and lab data, with pXRF providing the bulk of the data at low cost, on larger data sets and potentially with better reliability than lab-based campaigns based on a limited number of samples.

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Section: Site Verificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of pXRF (field portable X-ray fluorescence) applications for applied geochemistry

Lemière

2018

Journal of Geochemical Exploration

152

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“…Duration of the treatment did not have a significant impact on visual failure of treatment. Dixon et al (2006) completed a project, "The Boston lead safe yards low cost lead in soil treatment, demonstration and evaluation". The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of lowcost soil treatments to reduce soil and dust Pb hazards.…”

Section: Soil Isolation Interventions That Reduce Soil Lead Without Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Case studies and evidence-based approaches to addressing urban soil lead contamination

Laidlaw

Filippelli

Brown

et al. 2017

Applied Geochemistry

135

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Urban soils in many communities in the United States and internationally have been contaminated by lead (Pb) from past use of lead additives in gasoline, deterioration of exterior paint, emissions from Pb smelters and battery recycling and other industries. Exposure to Pb in soil and related dust is widespread in many inner city areas. Up to 20e40% of urban children in some neighborhoods have blood lead levels (BLLs) equal to or above 5 mg per decilitre, the reference level of health concern by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Given the widespread nature of Pb contamination in urban soils it has proven a challenge to reduce exposure. In order to prevent this exposure, an evidence-based approach is required to isolate or remediate the soils and prevent children and adult's ongoing exposure. To date, the majority of community soil Pb remediation efforts have been focused in mining towns or in discrete neighborhoods where Pb smelters have impacted communities. These efforts have usually entailed very expensive dig and dump soil Pb remediation techniques, funded by the point source polluters. Remediating widespread non-point source urban soil contamination using this approach is neither economical nor feasible from a practical standpoint. Despite the need to remediate/isolate urban soils in inner city areas, no deliberate, large scale, cost effective Pb remediation schemes have been implemented to isolate inner city soils impacted from sources other than mines and smelters. However, a city-wide natural experiment of flooding in New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina demonstrated that declines in soil Pb resulted in major BLL reductions. Also a growing body of literature of smaller scale pilot studies and programs does exist regarding low cost efforts to isolate Pb contaminated urban soils. This paper reviews the literature regarding the effectiveness of soil Pb remediation for reducing Pb exposure and BLL in children, and suggests best practices for addressing the epidemics of low-level Pb poisoning occurring in many inner city areas.

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“…In addition to providing chemical stabilization of Pb cations, the use of organic substrates as surface mulch or as a physical barrier may aid in reducing human exposure to Pb‐contaminated aerosols during farming activities. For example, wood chip–based compost mulch may be useful in providing chemical and physical stabilization of heavy metal contaminants between crop rows (Dixon et al, 2006). This physical organic barrier will also help to prevent further contamination of soil from contaminated aerosols (Clark et al, 2008).…”

Section: Urban Soil Contamination and Remediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Challenges Threatening the Growth of Urban Agriculture in the United States

2013

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Urban agriculture, though often difficult to define, is an emerging sector of local food economies in the United States. Although urban and agricultural landscapes are often integrated in countries around the world, the establishment of mid- to large-scale food production in the U.S. urban ecosystem is a relatively new development. Many of the urban agricultural projects in the United States have emerged from social movements and nonprofit organizations focused on urban renewal, education, job training, community development, and sustainability initiatives. Although these social initiatives have traction, critical knowledge gaps exist regarding the science of food production in urban ecosystems. Developing a science-based approach to urban agriculture is essential to the economic and environmental sustainability of the movement. This paper reviews abiotic environmental factors influencing urban cropping systems, including soil contamination and remediation; atmospheric pollutants and altered climatic conditions; and water management, sources, and safety. This review paper seeks to characterize the limited state of the science on urban agricultural systems and identify future research questions most relevant to urban farmers, land-use planners, and environmental consultants.

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The effectiveness of low-cost soil treatments to reduce soil and dust lead hazards: The Boston lead safe yards low cost lead in soil treatment, demonstration and evaluation

Cited by 22 publications

References 16 publications

A review of pXRF (field portable X-ray fluorescence) applications for applied geochemistry

A review of pXRF (field portable X-ray fluorescence) applications for applied geochemistry

Case studies and evidence-based approaches to addressing urban soil lead contamination

Environmental Challenges Threatening the Growth of Urban Agriculture in the United States

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