The effectiveness of dexmedetomidine cardioprotection during vascular surgery in high cardiac risk patients

Abstract

The objective was to study the occurrence of perioperative cardiovascular complications (CVС) and clinical and laboratory cardioprotection parameters in patients treated with dexmedetomidine infusion in perioperative period of vascular surgery.Materials and methods. The study involved 204 patients with high cardiac risk (revised cardiac risk index > 2, risk of perioperative myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest > 1%) who underwent elective vascular surgery. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group I patients received perioperative infusion of dexmedetomidine at a dose 0.40 [0.34–0.47] mg/kg/h during 7.0 [6.0–8.0]) hours. Group II was a control group. In the perioperative period, the occurrence of CVC, the blood level of the N-terminal fragment of the prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiospecific troponin I (cTnI) were analyzed. The data were statistically processed, using the Fisher’s exact test, Mann–Whitney test and logistic regression.Results. Perioperative CVC without taking into account arterial hypotension were recorded in 3 (2.9%) patients in group I and in 14 (13.7%) patients in group II (p = 0.009). Arterial hypotension was recorded in 14 (13.7%) patients in group I and in 5 (4.9%) patients in group II (p = 0.051). Perioperative dexmedetomidine infusion reduced the risk of CVC, except for arterial hypotension (OR 0.1905, 95% CI 0.0530–0.6848, p = 0.011) and increased the risk of arterial hypotension (OR 3.5787, 95% CI 1.1254–11.3796, p = 0.031). The cTnI level in patients of groups I and II was 0.017 [0.011–0.024] and 0.019 [0.011–0.028] ng/ml (p = 0.196) before surgery, 0.02 [0.011–0.029] and 0.02 [0.015–0.039] ng/ml (p = 0.050) after surgery, 0.018 [0.014–0.024] and 0.028 [0.018–0.033] ng/ml (p = 0.0002) before discharge from the hospital. At the same stages, the level of NT-proBNP was 221.5 [193.3–306.5] and 237.8 [171.3–310.1] pg/ml (p = 0.572), 237.0 [205–303.5] and 289.0 [217.5–409.5] pg/ml (p = 0.007), 250.5 [198.8–302.0] and 259.6 [171.0–421.6] pg/ml (p = 0.933).Conclusion. In patients at high cardiac risk undergoing vascular surgery, perioperative dexmedetomidine infusion reduces the risk of a composite outcome including cardiac mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, pulmonary embolism, stroke, hypertension, and arrhythmias, while the risk of arterial hypotension increases significantly. The perioperative dynamics of cTnI and NT-proBNP require further research. The start of dexmedetomidine infusion in 2.7% of cases is accompanied by severe bradycardia, requiring discontinuation of the infusion.