The Effectiveness of Causes

Emmet, Dorothy

doi:10.1007/978-1-349-07165-4

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…We conceptualize institutions as mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive conjunctions of constitutive properties (Emmet, ; Goertz, ): each formal or informal institution can simultaneously also be a constraining or enabling institution. Thus, we discern four types of institutions determining the competitive advantages of PFFs in EM settings: (a) formal constraining; (b) informal constraining; (c) formal enabling; and (d) informal enabling.…”

Section: Theory and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of institutions on the competitive advantage of publicly listed family firms in emerging markets

Durán

Essen

Heugens

et al. 2018

Global Strategy Journal

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Research Summary: We develop an institutional explanation for the finding that the competitive advantage publicly listed family firms (PFFs) enjoy over other publicly listed firms varies across emerging markets. We propose that PFF performance is contingent on the state of four types of institutions—formal constraining, informal constraining, formal enabling, and informal enabling institutions. We test these ideas with a meta‐analysis of 177 primary studies, situated in 49 countries. Our results show that the competitive advantage PFFs enjoy is stronger when formal constraining institutions are less developed and when suitable informal enabling institutions are present. However, their competitive advantage is weaker when formal enabling and informal constraining institutions are less developed. We conclude that the competitive advantage of PFFs in emerging markets is contingent on local institutional conditions. Managerial Summary: We develop a framework to improve our understanding of how institutions impact the competitive advantage of publicly listed family firms (PFFs) in 49 emerging markets. The framework informs the decisions of PFF owners and managers concerning where to compete and when to invest in distinctive characteristics of family involvement, like a long‐term orientation, familial control, stewardship, and reputational capital. While our baseline expectation is that PFFs enjoy a competitive advantage in emerging markets, the model also specifies in which contexts the competitiveness of PFFs will be compromised. Our framework offers guidance to policymakers interested in increasing the economic contribution PFFs make to their jurisdictions, which they can ensure by developing PFF‐favoring institutions that strengthen the competitive advantage of these firms.

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Section: Theory and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of institutions on the competitive advantage of publicly listed family firms in emerging markets

Durán

Essen

Heugens

et al. 2018

Global Strategy Journal

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“…All of these causes might be needed to create the effect, but be insufficient in isolation. All causes might work only within a given context, or only in combination (Emmet 1984). A fire needs oxygen, flammable material, and ignition (a flame).…”

Section: The Nature and Habit Of Causal Claimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The difficulty of making claims to knowledge in social science

Gorard

Tan

2022

TSSJ

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This paper considers three common types of claim to research knowledge, and the relative difficulty of making each type of claim in an empirically and logically justified manner. Before this, the paper looks at some more general issues often raised when discussing knowledge in social science, such as the nature of truth and justified belief, the existence of “isms” and paradigms treated like fashion accessories that one can adopt or not at will, and the intrinsic limitations of how we get to know about the “stuff” we might want to make research claims about. The idea of this early section is to remove some potential obstacles, before arguing that none of these issues is relevant to the rest of the paper about the nature of claims in their most generic form, independent of things like specific methods of data collection. The first type of claim we identify is a fully descriptive one that only summarises the data observed. This is the easiest and safest kind of claim, but even these might suffer from non-random errors and inaccuracies. However, their biggest limitation is their lack of any wider utility. The second kind of claim is a generally descriptive one that makes statements about unobserved data on the basis of a fully descriptive claim. Here we meet Hume’s problem of induction. These claims have two parts, and the inductive part cannot seemingly be justified by logic, inferential statistics (whether Fisher or Neyman-Pearson style), Carnap’s inductive probabilities, or even necessarily by Popper’s falsification process. The third type is a causal claim, which we argue must also be a general claim. We develop a model, based on the work of Mill and Bradford-Hill, of what a plausible causal claim entails. But it still has all of the problems emerging from the first two types of claim, and adds a further problem created by our inability to assess causes directly. The paper concludes by suggesting how social science can proceed most safely in practice.

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“…By referring to the causal powers of physical objects, Emmet aimed to avoid the charges of animism and anthropomorphism that have been leveled at the Aristotelian tradition, while retaining human action as a sort of paradigm case (see also next section). Emmet (1984) also distinguished between immanent and transeunt causation. This can most easily be described in terms used by Johnson (1921).…”

Section: Emmet (1984)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Emmet's (1984) distinction between immanent and transeunt causation is different in that the animistic and anthropomorphic content of the Aristotelian version has been abolished, but immanent causation is still distinct in character from transeunt causation, being "a mode of functioning internal to a system, and producing change and development over time" (p. 81).…”

Section: Internal and External Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The idea of necessity in the causal relation comes from the idea of action as making a difference in the world. Emmet (1984) Emmet also saw causation as a productive or efficacious relation, but between occurrences rather than events. Occurrences are best described by verb nominalizations (e.g., "the killing of Caesar") that capture the idea of something happening to something.…”

Section: Reid(1863a1863b)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ideas about causation in philosophy and psychology.

White¹

1990

Psychological Bulletin

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Philosophical theories summarized here include regularity and necessity theories from Hume to the present; manipulability theory; the theory of powerful particulars; causation as connected changes within a denned state of affairs; departures from "normal" events or from some standard for comparison; causation as a transfer of something between objects; and causal propagation and production. Issues found in this literature and of relevance for psychology include whether actual causal relations can be perceived or known; what sorts of things people believe can be causes; different levels of causal analysis; the distinction between the causal relation itself and cues to causal relations; causal frames or fields; internal and external causes; and understanding of causation in different realms of the world, such as the natural and artificial realms. A full theory of causal inference by laypeople should address all of these issues.The main purpose of this article is to survey philosophical theories of causation in a manner intended to be suitable for psychologists interested in causation. The article has two sections: The first presents brief summaries of philosophical theories of causation from Aristotle to the present. In the second, issues found in the philosophical literature are used to suggest new approaches to the study of causation in psychology. Philosophical Theories of CausationSeveral psychologists have written about selected philosophical theories of causation (Cook & Campbell, 1979;Einhorn & Hogarth, 1986;Hastie, 1983;Shaver, 1985;Shultz, 1982), but a comprehensive survey of the philosophical literature has, as yet, not been published in psychology. Most psychological research and theory on causal inference and attribution has taken some philosophical notion as its point of departure, so a wide survey of recent philosophy is likely to be of value as a source of new ideas and hypotheses about causal inference and attribution in psychology. It is not, however, the purpose of this article to evaluate the philosophical merits and weaknesses of theories, nor to provide a comprehensive review of the philosophical literature with its many debates between proponents of different views. Rather, from the point of view of use in psychology, my aim is to give summary sketches of the most important points of each theory. Although intended to communicate the essential character of each theory, these sketches are necessarily oversimplified; readers wishing a more complete exposition should consult the original sources. Mostly I have refrained from classifying different authors together, but in some cases I have adopted the groupings used by Beauchamp (1974), without meaning to imply that there are no differences between the views of different authors grouped together.

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The Effectiveness of Causes

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

The impact of institutions on the competitive advantage of publicly listed family firms in emerging markets

The impact of institutions on the competitive advantage of publicly listed family firms in emerging markets

The difficulty of making claims to knowledge in social science

Ideas about causation in philosophy and psychology.

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