The effectiveness and impact on performance of pharmacy-related competency development frameworks: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Udoh, Arit; Bruno-Tomé, Andreia; Ernawati, Desak Ketut; Galbraith, Kirsten; Bates, Ian

doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.02.008

Cited by 24 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This is in line with past literature, as competency-based educational resources are evidence based and have been shown to be beneficial in several healthcare settings, including pharmacy. [16][17][18][19]21 It is therefore important that there is continued use of the resources as a tool to develop GPCPs in their new roles in General Practice. Furthermore, internationally there has been an increase in primary care pharmacists, with some adopting competency-based education.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20 A systematic review found that competency based frameworks improved pharmacists' performance, by allowing them to evaluate their work and recognise learning gaps. 21 Further to this, evaluations of post-graduate training for community pharmacists within the UK have found that the use of work-based training is appropriate and necessary to support pharmacists in the development of their competence and confidence.…”

Section: Original Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 20 A systematic review found that competency based frameworks improved pharmacists’ performance, by allowing them to evaluate their work and recognise learning gaps. 21 Further to this, evaluations of post-graduate training for community pharmacists within the UK have found that the use of work-based training is appropriate and necessary to support pharmacists in the development of their competence and confidence. 22 , 23 Countries including Australia, Canada, the Netherlands and the UK have developed competency-based educational resources which outline the tasks that clinical pharmacists should complete in primary care.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implementation of pharmacist-led services in primary care: A mixed-methods exploration of pharmacists’ perceptions of a national educational resource package

Preston¹,

Weir²,

Mueller³

et al. 2021

Pharm Pract (Granada)

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Background: To help alleviate the global pressure on primary care, there has been an increase in the number of clinical pharmacists within primary care. Educational resources are necessary to support this workforce and their development within this role. An educational resource package was developed in Scotland to support the General Practice Clinical Pharmacists (GPCPs), containing a hard copy Competency and Capability Framework (CCF), an online platform (TURAS) and both clinical and educational supervisors in 2016. Objective: To examine the implementation of a competency-based educational resource package through the exploration of pharmacists’ perceptions of its adoption, acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility. Methods: Participants were GPCPs who had been part of a national training event between 2016 and 2018. The participants were given the opportunity to complete an online questionnaire or a semi-structured telephone interview. Both data collection tools were based on Proctor’s model of implementation outcomes: adoption, acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility. Areas covered included GPCPs’ perceptions and level of adoption of the educational resource package developed to support them in their role. Results: Of a potential 164 participants, 52 (31.7%) completed the questionnaire and 12 (7.3%) completed the interview. GPCPs indicated widespread adoption and were accepting of the resources; however, it was suggested that its value was undermined, as it was not associated with a qualification. The appropriateness and feasibility of the resources depended on GPCPs’ individual situation (including current role, previous job experience, time available, support received from peers and supervisors, and perceptions of resources available). Conclusions: The suitability of the CCF was evidenced by participants’ adoption and acceptance of the resource, indicating the necessity of a competence-based framework to support the GPCPs’ role. However, its suitability was hindered in terms of varied perceptions of appropriateness and feasibility. Despite the limited sample size, the results indicate that the value of these resources should be promoted across primary care; nevertheless further facilitation is required to allow GPCPs to fully engage with the resources.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Original Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implementation of pharmacist-led services in primary care: A mixed-methods exploration of pharmacists’ perceptions of a national educational resource package

Preston¹,

Weir²,

Mueller³

et al. 2021

Pharm Pract (Granada)

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“…There is also initial nervousness from medical colleagues with regards to pharmacists' training and ability [1]. Recent evidence shows that the appropriate use of competency frameworks can improve the performance of pharmacists [55]. Thus, the production of GPCP standards may provide the rst step needed to maximise the performance and effectiveness of the pharmacist clinics, by ensuring uniformity and consistency of how these clinics are delivered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

General Practice Clinical Pharmacist Standards of Practice for Delivery of Polypharmacy and Chronic Disease Medication Reviews: A Consensus Study.

Earle-Payne

Forsyth

Johnson

et al. 2021

Preprint

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BackgroundGeneral practice in the UK is experiencing a crisis. Greater multidisciplinary working is a potential solution. The new general practice contract in Scotland encourages this and includes a new pharmacotherapy service to be delivered by General Practice Clinical Pharmacists (GPCPs). Consensus is lacking for the standards of practice for delivery of pharmacotherapy medication reviews (which are polypharmacy and chronic medication reviews) as part of this service.AimTo identify and validate standards of practice for polypharmacy and chronic disease medication (pharmacotherapy level 3) reviews conducted by GPCPs. MethodA two-phased mixed-methods consensus methodology was used. Phase 1: An expert group of GPCPs (n=4) and clinical pharmacist managers (n=2) responsible for delivering the pharmacotherapy service used a Modified Nominal Group Technique to generate potential standards. Phase 2: Two-round Delphi survey involving GPCPs with ≥1 year of experience of working in general practice (n=159).ResultsThe expert group identified 44 potential standards of practice for polypharmacy and chronic disease reviews. Practicing GPCPs indicated during the Delphi phase that the 44 standards were applicable to practice. The standards of practice covered seven main categories: skills, environment, qualifications, qualities and behaviours, knowledge, process and experience.ConclusionPracticing GPCPs indicated that the standards identified by the expert group are acceptable and valid for current practice and the delivery of polypharmacy and chronic medication reviews. The application of these standards to practice may help GPCPs and general practices to ensure equitable delivery of patient care.

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“…Ultimately, user testing of the Train4Health educational package (cases studies, massive open on-line course and a simulation software) to assess parameters such as usability and acceptability will shed light on whether this length is adequate for training purposes in an undergraduate population. Future intervention-based studies could also look to evaluate whether the competency framework facilitates improvements in professionals' performance, as has been done with other competency frameworks for pharmacists [60].…”

Section: Category Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a European competency framework for health and other professionals to support behaviour change in persons self-managing chronic disease

et al. 2021

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Background Healthcare and other professionals are expected to support behaviour change in people living with chronic disease. However, effective behaviour change interventions are largely absent in routine encounters. The Train4Health project, a European strategic partnership for higher education, sought to address this problem. The primary aim of this study, which is part of an early work package, was to develop an interprofessional competency framework for health and other professions to support behaviour change for the self-management of chronic disease at a European level. A secondary aim was to derive a set of behaviour change techniques (BCTs) from an established taxonomy to link with framework competencies. Methods The study comprised two interlinked parts. Part 1 involved a two-round e-Delphi study with an interprofessional panel of 48 experts across 12 European countries to develop the behaviour change competency framework. Preparatory work included drafting a list of competency statements based on seven existing frameworks. Part 2 involved an expert panel of six behavioural psychologists deriving a set of BCTs to link with framework competencies. Their feedback was based on preparatory work, which focused on seven high priority chronic diseases for self-management, identified through European projects on self-management and identifying five relevant target behaviours from key clinical guidelines. A literature search yielded 29 effective BCTs for the target behaviours in the selected chronic diseases. Results Twenty-seven competency statements, were presented in Round 1 to the Delphi panel. Consensus was achieved for all statements. Based on comments, two statements were removed, one was added, and 14 were modified. All 15 statements subjected to Round 2 were consensus-approved, yielding a total of 12 foundational competencies for behaviour change in self-management of chronic disease and 14 behaviour change competencies. Four behaviour change competencies related to BCTs. Behavioural psychologists’ feedback led to a core set of 21 BCTs deemed applicable to the five target behaviours across the seven chronic diseases. Conclusions A behaviour change competency framework comprising 26 statements for European health and other professionals to support self-management of chronic disease was developed, linked with a core set of 21 BCTs from an established taxonomy.

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The effectiveness and impact on performance of pharmacy-related competency development frameworks: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 24 publications

References 34 publications

Implementation of pharmacist-led services in primary care: A mixed-methods exploration of pharmacists’ perceptions of a national educational resource package

Implementation of pharmacist-led services in primary care: A mixed-methods exploration of pharmacists’ perceptions of a national educational resource package

General Practice Clinical Pharmacist Standards of Practice for Delivery of Polypharmacy and Chronic Disease Medication Reviews: A Consensus Study.

Development of a European competency framework for health and other professionals to support behaviour change in persons self-managing chronic disease

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