The effect of wine glass size on volume of wine sold: a mega‐analysis of studies in bars and restaurants

Pilling, Mark; Clarke, Natasha; Pechey, Rachel; Hollands, Gareth J; Marteau, Theresa M.

doi:10.1111/add.14998

Cited by 23 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Although this review did not identify any studies focusing on alcohol consumption, its findings imply that reducing the size of the containers in which alcohol is presented might be a promising intervention for reducing consumption. In line with this, recent field studies have shown that the size of glasses in which wine is served, while keeping the amount constant, can affect consumption, with larger glasses increasing consumption, particularly in restaurants [11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

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Impact of bottle size on in-home consumption of wine: feasibility and acceptability randomised cross-over study

Mantzari

Galloway

Hollands

et al. 2020

Pilot Feasibility Stud

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Background: Reducing alcohol consumption across populations would prevent many non-communicable diseases. Large packages increase food and non-alcoholic drink consumption and large glasses increase wine consumption. Smaller bottles may reduce alcohol consumption but their impact is uncertain. This study aims to (i) explore the feasibility and acceptability of conducting a large-scale randomised study to assess the impact of bottle size on inhome wine consumption and (ii) estimate the effect size and variance of the intervention on consumption to inform the design of future studies. Methods: Cross-over randomised study in which 16 households in Cambridge, England, consuming at least two 750-ml bottles of wine each week, received a pre-set volume of wine biweekly for 4 weeks, in 750-ml and 375-ml bottles, in random order. Consumption was assessed by recording the number of empty and partially full bottles at the end of each biweekly period. At the end of the study, household representatives were interviewed about their experiences of participating in the study. Results: The study procedures proved feasible. Comparable to similar trials, 14% of identified eligible households (18/125) consented to participate in the study. Attrition between consent and study completion was 11% (2/18) and 0% between study periods and 13% of households (2/16) correctly identified the study aim. The study procedures were considered acceptable. After adjusting for guest and out-of-home consumption, the difference in consumption between the 750-ml (3385.2 ml; SD = 1698.5) and 375-ml bottles (3376.7 ml; SD = 1719.0) was 8.4 ml (SD = 1235.4; 95%CI − 596.9, 613.8). Results suggest a possible order effect, with households receiving the 375-ml bottles first consuming more wine out of the 750-ml bottles and vice versa. This might also reflect an increase in consumption with study duration. Households receiving the 375-ml bottles first (6315.9 ml; SD = 3293.5) also drank less wine overall than those receiving the 750-ml bottles first (7335.4 ml; SD = 3735.4). Discussion: The findings support the feasibility and acceptability of running a large-scale randomised study to assess the impact of bottle size on in-home wine consumption. Due to the heterogeneous patterning of results, a future study will be powered using the variance observed in the current study to detect a meaningful reduction of 250 ml of wine when consumed from smaller compared with larger bottles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…The impact of bottle size on alcohol consumption is likely to depend on other contextual factors, including the size of glasses in which alcohol is served and poured [13,39]. Future research should focus on the combined effect of bottle size and glass size on consumption.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of bottle size on in-home consumption of wine: feasibility and acceptability randomised cross-over study

Mantzari

Galloway

Hollands

et al. 2020

Pilot Feasibility Stud

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“…No studies were found that related to alcoholic drinks. Recent field studies show that larger glasses increase wine consumption in restaurants [13]. To date, no studies have assessed the impact of wine bottle size upon consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of bottle size on in‐home consumption of wine: a randomized controlled cross‐over trial

et al. 2020

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Aim To assess the impact of purchasing wine in 50 cl bottles compared with 75 cl bottles on the amount of wine consumed at home. Design Cross‐over randomized controlled trial with a ‘usual behaviour’ period of a maximum of 3 weeks between conditions. Setting Households in the United Kingdom. Participants One hundred and eighty‐six households that consumed between two and eight 75 cl bottles of wine each week. Intervention Households were randomized to the order in which they purchased wine in two bottle sizes. During two 14‐day intervention periods, households purchased a pre‐set volume of wine—based on their baseline self‐reported weekly consumption—in either 75 cl bottles or 50 cl bottles. On days 7 and 14 of each study period, participating households sent photographs of each purchased wine bottle. Measurements The primary outcome was the volume of study wine in millilitres (ml) consumed during each study period estimated through returned photographs. The secondary outcome was the rate of consumption measured by the mean number of days taken to drink 1.5 litres from each bottle size. Findings One hundred and sixty‐six of 186 enrolled households satisfactorily completed the study. After accounting for pre‐specified covariates, 191.1 ml [95% confidence interval (CI) = 42.03–339.2] or 4.5% (95% CI = 1.0–7.9%) more wine was consumed per 14‐day period from 75‐cl bottles than from 50‐cl bottles. Consumption was 5.8% faster (95% CI = –10.9 to –0.4%) from 75 cl bottles than from 50 cl bottles. Conclusions Consuming wine at home from 50 cl bottles, compared with 75 cl bottles, may reduce both amount consumed and rate of consumption.

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“…First, as discussed, studies are required in real-world drinking environments, which will also enable effect size estimates. This might include studies set in pubs, bars and restaurants, comparing the volume purchased and consumed according to the glasses drinks are served in, as has been investigated for wine glass size; [13][14][15]34 . Relatedly, while developing novel interventions to reduce consumption of health-harming drinks remains important, it is worth investigating whether the converse is true-that is, whether outward-sloped glasses may help to increase consumption of healthy drinks, relative to straight-sided glasses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glass shape influences drinking behaviours in three laboratory experiments

Langfield

Pechey

Gilchrist

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Reducing consumption of drinks which contain high levels of sugar and/or alcohol may improve population health. There is increasing interest in health behaviour change approaches which work by changing cues in physical environments ("nudges"). Glassware represents a modifiable cue in the drinking environment that may influence how much we drink. Here, we report three laboratory experiments measuring consumption of soft drinks served in different glasses (straight-sided vs. outward-sloped), using distinct paradigms to measure drinking. In Study 1 (N = 200), though total drinking time was equivalent, participants consumed a soft drink with a more 'decelerated' trajectory from outward-sloped tumblers, characterised by a greater amount consumed in the first half of the drinking episode. In Study 2 (N = 72), during a bogus taste test, participants consumed less from straight-sided wine flutes than outward-sloped martini coupes. In Study 3 (N = 40), using facial electromyography to explore a potential mechanism for decreased consumption, straight-sided glasses elicited more 'pursed' lip embouchures, which may partly explain reduced consumption from these glasses. Using a combination of methods, including objective measures of volume drunk and physiological measures, these findings suggest that switching to straight-sided glasses may be one intervention contributing to the many needed to reduce consumption of health-harming drinks. Overconsumption of drinks containing excess sugars and alcohol is a major threat to population health globally 1-4. Sugary drink consumption, in particular, is linked with a number of health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and others 5,6. Developing novel and effective interventions to change drinking behaviour is thus an important goal of research and policy. There is increasing interest in approaches that work by changing cues in physical environments-known also as "nudging" 7-10. Broadly speaking, these interventions are thought to engage automatic (rather than reflective) processes, requiring relatively less active engagement or high-level cognitive processing to elicit a change in behaviour than other types of behaviour change techniques 11. One aspect of the drinking environment that has the potential to influence drinking behaviour-possibly outside of awareness-is the glassware in which drinks are served. There is a growing evidence base for the effect of glass size and shape on drinking behaviours. Wine glass size has increased over the past 300 years-in particular in the last 30 years 12-with some evidence that the use of larger wine glasses increases wine consumed 13-15. The shape of a glass-in particular, whether it is outwardsloped or straight-sided-may also influence consumption. Two studies have explored the impact of glass shape on the total time spent drinking. One study found slower consumption from straight-sided glasses for beer served in beer glasses, though no evidence that soft drink consumption differed 16. These authors argued that the ef...

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The effect of wine glass size on volume of wine sold: a mega‐analysis of studies in bars and restaurants

Cited by 23 publications

References 19 publications

Impact of bottle size on in-home consumption of wine: feasibility and acceptability randomised cross-over study

Impact of bottle size on in-home consumption of wine: feasibility and acceptability randomised cross-over study

Impact of bottle size on in‐home consumption of wine: a randomized controlled cross‐over trial

Glass shape influences drinking behaviours in three laboratory experiments

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