The effect of white noise and classical music on pain and physiologic parameters in preterm infants during retinopathy of prematurity examinations: a randomized controlled trial

Intervention strategies for white noise alleviating procedural pain in newborns: A systematic review

“…One study (Döra & Büyük, 2021) stated that white noise was played at least 30 cm from the infant and at most 45 cm. 8 studies (Duan, Zhao, et al, 2017; Duan, Yang, & Yang, 2017; Dur et al, 2022; Karakoç & Türker, 2014; Ren, Wang, et al, 2019; Ren, Li, et al, 2019; Shao et al, 2019; Wang et al, 2020;) placed sterilised portable speakers 50 cm from the head of the bed. One study (Ju, 2019) placed sterilised portable music players at the procedural table near the neonatal head, 50 ~ 60 cm from the newborns, and 1 study (Taplak & Bayat, 2021) placed the players on the left and right sides of the infant's feet.…”

“…After screening by learning titles and abstracts, 69 records were screened. After reading the full text, 18 studies were finally included in this review (Cetinkaya et al, 2022; Döra & Büyük, 2021; Duan, Yang, & Yang, 2017; Duan, Zhao, et al, 2017; Dur et al, 2022; Ju, 2019; Kahraman et al, 2020; Karakoç & Türker, 2014; Kucukoglu et al, 2016; Pang, 2019; Ren, Li, et al, 2019; Ren, Wang, et al, 2019; Ren et al, 2021, 2022; Shao et al, 2019; Taplak & Bayat, 2021; Wang et al, 2020; Yang, 2021).…”

“…The American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP) recommends that the sound level for newborns and premature infants should be 45–50 dB and emphasises it should not exceed 65 dB (Parra et al, 2017). Most of the literature (Duan, Yang, & Yang, 2017; Duan, Zhao, et al, 2017; Dur et al, 2022; Karakoç & Türker, 2014; Kucukoglu et al, 2016; Ren, Li, et al, 2019; Ren, Wang, et al, 2019; Shao et al, 2019; Yang, 2021) included in this review also uses a volume of 55 dB. However, there are no guidelines or expert consensus to determine how the volume of white noise should be set, and in addition, the effect of high volume on the child's hearing needs to be considered, and whether interference from other sounds in the applied environment may have an influence on the effect of white noise.…”

“…In these studies, Taplak and Bayat (2021) revealed that the pain scores of preterm infants were lower in the white noise group than in the control group at 1 min before the procedures. However, the studies of Dur et al (2022), Döra and Büyük (2021), Wang et al (2020) and Ren et al (2022) showed that the pain scores, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation level and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) of infants were not statistically different between the white noise group and control group before the painful procedures. The research assistant placed the prepared music player about 20 cm away from the head of neonates in their incubators.…”

“…One study (Döra & Büyük, 2021) stated that white noise was played at least 30 cm from the infant and at most 45 cm. 8 studies (Duan, Zhao, et al, 2017;Dur et al, 2022;Shao et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2020;) placed sterilised portable speakers 50 cm from the head of the bed.…”