The effect of whey protein on viral infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin coronavirus in vitro

Fan, Hao; Luo, Yuqian; Hong, Bixia; Wang, Liqin; Jin, Xiangshu; Chen, Yangzhen; Hu, Yunjia; Li, Tong; Zhang, Hui; Zhou, Yi‐Hua; Tong, Yigang; Xiang, Kuanhui

doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.254979

Cited by 10 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Whey milk could be even more effective in blocking/neutralizing the viral attachment, entry, and post-entry replication. This study showed that whey protein from an animal (goat and cow) inhibited the infectivity of both the SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and the related GX_P2V virus, though the degree of inhibition was lower than that of human whey protein (Fan et al, 2020). These findings suggest that human whey protein contains higher concentrations of antiviral components and/or antiviral components with higher potency than those found in other species.…”

Section: Viral Neutralization (Extracellular Inhibition)mentioning

confidence: 73%

“…In vitro evaluation of the activity of (bovine/human) LF against the virulent SARS-CoV-2 using several cell-lines (Vero E6, Caco-2, adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial cells, A549, Huh7, HEK293T cell expressing ACE2 (293T-ACE2), HCT-8, Calu-3, and MRC-5 cell lines) clearly showed that LF is capable of inhibition of viral activity, in a dose-dependent manner, via the three aforementioned strategies (Campione et al, 2020b;De Carvalho et al, 2020;Fan et al, 2020;Mirabelli et al, 2020). In addition to these observations, another study emphasized that the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity is not limited to LF alone, but can be expanded to other components found in total whey milk (Fan et al, 2020). Whey milk could be even more effective in blocking/neutralizing the viral attachment, entry, and post-entry replication.…”

Section: Viral Neutralization (Extracellular Inhibition)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The virus reaches almost all human organs, including the central and peripheral nervous systems Uversky et al, 2020a), and has unexpected vertical and horizontal infectivity potential (Elrashdy et al, 2020; LF action against SARS-CoV-2, on comparison of the human and animal LFs, and on determining whether the milk whey action against SARS-CoV-2 depends on LF alone or on other milk ingredients, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and/or short-chain fatty acids. Our report fills these gaps and produces an overview of the field, providing answers to some fundamental questions, such as why breastfed children are mostly unaffected by COVID-19 (Fan et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2021;Mitoulas, Schärer-Hernández & Liabat, 2020). In addition, we enumerate the effects and the scenarios (based on viral and host factors) of how LF would work against SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural resources to control COVID-19: could lactoferrin amend SARS-CoV-2 infectivity?

Mattar

Elrashdy

Almehdar

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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The world population is still facing the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Such a challenge requires complicated tools to control, namely vaccines, effective cures, and complementary agents. Here we present one candidate for the role of an effective cure and/or complementary agent: lactoferrin. It is the cross-talking mediator between many organs/cellular systems in the body. It serves as a physiological, immunological, and anti-microbial barrier, and acts as a regulator molecule. Furthermore, lactoferrin has receptors on most tissues cells, and is a rich source for bioactive peptides, particularly in the digestive system. In the past months, in vitro and in vivo evidence has accumulated regarding lactoferrin’s ability to control SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in different indicated scenarios. Also, lactoferrin or whey milk (of human or other mammal’s origin) is a cheap, easily available, and safe agent, the use of which can produce promising results. Pharmaceutical and/or food supplementary formulas of lactoferrin could be particularly effective in controlling the gastrointestinal COVID-19-associated symptoms and could limit the fecal-oral viral infection transmission, through mechanisms that mimic that of norovirus infection control by lactoferrin via induction of intestinal innate immunity. This natural avenue may be effective not only in symptomatic patients, but could also be more helpful in asymptomatic patients as a main or adjuvant treatment.

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Section: Viral Neutralization (Extracellular Inhibition)mentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Viral Neutralization (Extracellular Inhibition)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Natural resources to control COVID-19: could lactoferrin amend SARS-CoV-2 infectivity?

Mattar

Elrashdy

Almehdar

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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“…S1A and C ). Then, we infected the hLPCs with SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus at viral inocula of 650 TCID50/well as previously described 13 . As a result, SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus could infect hLPCs and the infection could be inhibited by breastmilk (2 mg/ml), which was reported to have anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity 13 ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 and Malayan pangolin coronavirus infect human endoderm, ectoderm and induced lung progenitor cells

Hong

Lai

Chen

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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Since the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in several somatic cells, little is known about the infection of SASRS-CoV-2 and its related pangolin coronavirus (GX_P2V). Here we present for the first time that SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and GX_P2V could infect lung progenitor and even anterior foregut endoderm cells causing these cells death, which differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). The infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 and GX_P2V were inhibited when treated with whey protein of breastmilk and Remdesivir, confirming that these two viruses could infect lung progenitor and even anterior foregut endoderm. Moreover, we found that SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus could infect endoderm and ectoderm. We found that whey protein blocked SARS-CoV-2 infecting these cells. In line with the SARS-CoV-2 results, GX_P2V could also infected endoderm and ectoderm, and also was inhibited by Remdesivir treatment. Although expressing coronavirus related receptor such as ACE2 and TMPRSS2, mesoderm cells are not permissive for SARS-CoV-2 and GX_P2V infection, which needed further to study the mechanisms. Interestingly, we also found that hESCs, which also express ACE2 and TMPRSS2 markers, are permissive for GX_P2V but not SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection and replication, indicating the widespread cell types for GX_P2V infection. Heparin treatment blocked efficiently viral infection. These results provided insight that these stem cells maybe provided a stable repository of coronavirus function or genome. The potential consequence of SARS-CoV-2 and animal coronavirus such as GX_P2V infection in hESCs, germ layer and induced progenitors should be closely monitored.

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“…However, other researchers have verified that the main antimicrobial components of breast milk, such as LF and IgA antibody, showed limited anti- coronavirus activity, but whey protein is a direct-acting inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection by blocking viral attachment, entry, and even post-entry viral replication. This suggests that other factors of breast milk may play the important anti-COVID-19 role ( 243 ). Even with the limits of a preliminary and preprint report, and with the necessity of further investigation of its molecular mechanism of action in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the data are interesting.…”

Section: Breast Milk Factors: a New Topic Of Covid Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Infective, Anti-Inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Breast Milk Factors for the Protection of Infants in the Pandemic From COVID-19

Quitadamo

Comegna

Cristalli

2021

Front. Public Health

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COVID-19 pandemic since the end of 2019 spreads worldwide, counting millions of victims. The viral invasion, systemic inflammation, and consequent organ failure are the gravest features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and they are associated with a high mortality rate. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of breast milk in the COVID-19 pandemic, analyzing its antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory effects due to its bioactive components, so numerous and important for the protection of infants. The study tried to demonstrate that all the components of human milk are capable of performing functions on all the pathogenic events recognized and described in COVID-19 disease. Those human milk factors are well-tolerated and practically free of side effects, so breast milk should become a research topic to discover therapies even in this epidemic. In the first part, the mechanisms of protection and defense of the breast milk elements will be delineated; in the second section, it will describe the human milk effects in viral infections and it will be hypothesized how the known mechanisms could act in COVID infection.

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The effect of whey protein on viral infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin coronavirus in vitro

Cited by 10 publications

References 21 publications

Natural resources to control COVID-19: could lactoferrin amend SARS-CoV-2 infectivity?

Natural resources to control COVID-19: could lactoferrin amend SARS-CoV-2 infectivity?

SARS-CoV-2 and Malayan pangolin coronavirus infect human endoderm, ectoderm and induced lung progenitor cells

Anti-Infective, Anti-Inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Breast Milk Factors for the Protection of Infants in the Pandemic From COVID-19

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