The Effect of West Nile Virus Infection on the Midgut Gene Expression of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)

Smartt, Chelsea T.; Shin, Dong Ho; Anderson, Sheri L.

doi:10.3390/insects7040076

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Upregulation of antioxidant response proteins takes place upon the consumption of a blood meal [ 14 , 17 ]. Additionally, a blood meal elicits an immune response in the mosquito; however, it has been observed that if a blood meal is infected with a pathogen, there is an enhanced surge of immune effector molecules [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Specifically, there is a tissue-specific regulation of these effector molecules, as seen in mosquito genera such as Anopheles and Aedes [ 24 , 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquito Innate Immunity

Kumar

Srivastava

Sirisena

et al. 2018

Insects

122

141

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Mosquitoes live under the endless threat of infections from different kinds of pathogens such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The mosquito defends itself by employing both physical and physiological barriers that resist the entry of the pathogen and the subsequent establishment of the pathogen within the mosquito. However, if the pathogen does gain entry into the insect, the insect mounts a vigorous innate cellular and humoral immune response against the pathogen, thereby limiting the pathogen’s propagation to nonpathogenic levels. This happens through three major mechanisms: phagocytosis, melanization, and lysis. During these processes, various signaling pathways that engage intense mosquito–pathogen interactions are activated. A critical overview of the mosquito immune system and latest information about the interaction between mosquitoes and pathogens are provided in this review. The conserved, innate immune pathways and specific anti-pathogenic strategies in mosquito midgut, hemolymph, salivary gland, and neural tissues for the control of pathogen propagation are discussed in detail.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquito Innate Immunity

Kumar

Srivastava

Sirisena

et al. 2018

Insects

122

141

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This activation is associated with increased oxidative activity, antimicrobial activity, as well as signaling pathways against Gram-positive bacteria [17,18] and fungi [19][20][21]. The mosquito's GNBP has been found to be related to Plasmodium [22] and arbovirus infection [23] in Anopheles gambiae [24], A. aegypti [25], and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus [26]. GNBPB3 and GNBPB4 function as anti-DENV in A. aegypti by activating the Toll signaling pathway [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aedes aegypti Beta-1,3-Glucan-Binding Protein Inhibits Dengue and ZIKA Virus Replication

Xie,

Wang,

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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GNBPB6, a beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein, was identified in the transcriptome of Aedes aegypti (A. aegypti) with dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), and chikungunya viruses (CHIKV). In this study, we not only clarified that DENV2 and ZIKV regulate the changes in GNBPB6 expression but also identified the relationship of this gene with viral infections. The changes in GNBPB6 expression were quantified and showed a decrease in A. aegypti cells (Aag2 cells) at 2 dpi and 3 dpi and an increase at 4 dpi and 5 dpi (p < 0.05). A significant increase was observed only at 5 dpi after DENV2 infection. Subsequently, a GNBPB6 knockout (KO) cell line was constructed using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and the DENV2 and ZIKV RNA copies, along with cell densities, were quantified and compared between the KO and wild type (WT) cells at different dpi. The result showed that DENV2 and ZIKV RNA copies were significantly increased in the KO cell line with no significant change in cell growth. Finally, DENV2 copies decreased after GNBPB6 was complemented in the KO. In conclusion, GNBPB6 knockout and complementation in Aag2 cells revealed that GNBPB6 can inhibit the replication of both DENV2 and ZIKV. These results contribute to subsequent research on mosquito–virus interactions.

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Trans-Generational Symbiont Transmission Reduced at High Temperatures in a West Nile Virus Vector Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus

et al. 2022

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The influence of environmental factors on the efficacy of the endosymbiont Wolbachia used in mosquito and pathogen control are poorly characterized and may be critical for disease control. We studied the vector mosquito Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Say) to determine the effect of temperature on the composition of the relative abundance of Wolbachia spp. and the microbiome, as well as key immune genes of interest in the Toll and IMD pathways. 16S barcode sequencing was used to determine the microbiome composition and qPCR was used to determine the relative abundance of Wolbachia spp. based on the highly utilized marker Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene. We found no effect of temperature within a single generation on the relative abundance of Wolbachia or immune gene expression, nor on the alpha or beta diversity of the microbiome. However, there was a significant difference in the abundance of Wolbachia between generations at high temperatures (≥ 28°C), but not at lower temperatures (≤ 23°C). These results support the idea that Wolbachia are reduced at higher temperatures between generations, which has an influence on the establishment of pathogens including West Nile Virus (WNV). Modulation of the Toll or IMD mosquito immune pathways was not indicated. Wolbachia endosymbiosis and trans-generation transmission appears especially sensitive to high temperatures, which may have implications for Wolbachia-based vector control strategies under climate change scenarios.

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The Effect of West Nile Virus Infection on the Midgut Gene Expression of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)

Cited by 3 publications

References 46 publications

Mosquito Innate Immunity

Mosquito Innate Immunity

Aedes aegypti Beta-1,3-Glucan-Binding Protein Inhibits Dengue and ZIKA Virus Replication

Trans-Generational Symbiont Transmission Reduced at High Temperatures in a West Nile Virus Vector Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus

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