The effect of warm-up in short distance swimming performance

Neiva, Henrique P.; Marques, Mário C.; Bacelar, Lara; Moínhos, Nuno; Morouço, Pedro; Marinho, Daniel A.

doi:10.14195/2182-7087_3_4

Cited by 8 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…Taking into consideration the aforementioned data, and in line with previous studies [21,22], we can propose that swim coaches should analyse the individual response during the pre-competition warm-up to attain maximum gains in sprint performance. Finally, the swimmers' usual pre-competition warm-up strategy, prescribed by different coaches, had no influence on the results, since the majority of participants reported that dynamic stretching was their most preferable strategy.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

The effect of two additional dry-land active warm-up protocols on the 50-m front-crawl swimming performance

Dalamitros¹,

Vagios²,

Toubekis³

et al. 2018

Hum Mov.

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Purpose. The purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of 2 different dry-land active warm-up protocols on 50-m front-crawl swimming performance, biomechanical variables (stroke rate, stroke length, and stroke index), rate of perceived exertion, and exercise heart rate in swimmers of both genders. Methods. The total of 10 male and 9 female national-level swimmers completed a standardized 1000-m in-water warm-up protocol followed by a 30-min transition phase and a 50-m front-crawl time-trial. During this 30-min period, each swimmer executed, on different occasions, a protocol consisting of either a dynamic stretching routine (stretch) or a power exercise circuit (power) of equal duration (~ 5 min) in a randomized sequence. A control condition (control) including a passive recovery strategy after the in-water warm-up protocol was also analyzed.Results. An improvement in 50-m time-trial performance was demonstrated in male swimmers after executing the power protocol (p = 0.034), while in female swimmers a trend towards faster performance times was revealed after the stretch protocol (p = 0.064). Stroke index was improved after the stretch routine only in female swimmers (p = 0.010). Stroke rate, stroke length, rate of perceived exertion, and exercise heart rate showed no differences among all the 3 conditions in either gender (p > 0.05).Conclusions. Male and female swimmers respond differently to a power or a dynamic stretching protocol. In addition, the variation in responses to different warm-up conditions highlights the importance of individualizing the dry-land warm-up procedure to promote maximum performance during 50-m front-crawl swimming events. Citation: Dalamitros AA, Vagios A, Toubekis AG, Tsalis G, clemente-Suarez VJ, Manou V. The effect of two additional dry--land active warm-up protocols on the 50-m front-crawl swimming performance. Hum Mov. 2018;19(3):75-81; doi: https:// doi.org/10.5114/hm.2018.76082.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

The effect of two additional dry-land active warm-up protocols on the 50-m front-crawl swimming performance

Dalamitros¹,

Vagios²,

Toubekis³

et al. 2018

Hum Mov.

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“…The WU could differently influence each particular race, and some literature point distinct effects on the 50-or the 100-m swimming events (1,27,28). Therefore, there is a need to investigate the impact of WU on longer swimming event times than literature presents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Different Warm-up Volumes on the 100-m Swimming Performance

Neiva

Marques

Barbosa

et al. 2015

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 3 different warm-up (WU) volumes on 100-m swimming performance. Eleven male swimmers at the national level completed 3 time trials of 100-m freestyle on separate days and after a standard WU, a short WU (SWU), or a long WU (LWU) in a randomized sequence. All of them replicated some usual sets and drills, and the WU totaled 1,200 m, the SWU totaled 600 m, and the LWU totaled 1,800 m. The swimmers were faster after the WU (59.29 seconds; confidence interval [CI] 95%, 57.98-60.61) and after the SWU (59.38 seconds; CI 95%, 57.92-60.84) compared with the LWU (60.18 seconds; CI 95%, 58.53-61.83). The second 50-m lap after the WU was performed with a higher stroke length (effect size [ES] = 0.77), stroke index (ES = 1.26), and propelling efficiency (ES = 0.78) than that after the SWU. Both WU and SWU resulted in higher pretrial values of blood lactate concentrations [La] compared with LWU (ES = 1.58 and 0.74, respectively), and the testosterone:cortisol levels were increased in WU compared with LWU (ES = 0.86). In addition, the trial after WU caused higher [La] (ES ≥ 0.68) and testosterone:cortisol values compared with the LWU (ES = 0.93). These results suggest that an LWU could impair 100-m freestyle performance. The swimmers showed higher efficiency during the race after a 1200-m WU, suggesting a favorable situation. It highlighted the importance of the [La] and hormonal responses to each particular WU, possibly influencing performance and biomechanical responses during a 100-m race.

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“…There have been inconclusive results on a swimmer's performance for shorter distances after warm-up. One study reported that warm-up did not have any favorable effects on 50 m crawl performance [33], while participants in another study had a trend toward significantly faster times on the 45.7 m freestyle (*0.2 s; p = 0.06) and higher propelling force with 30 s of maximal tethered swimming (*13 % for the mean force and 18 % for the maximal force; p B 0.05), as reported by Balilionis et al [38] and Neiva et al [18], respectively, for warm-up. However, no differences were found among the other variables measured in these studies (e.g.…”

Section: Literature Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are some studies in which performance was similar or even impaired after warm-up when compared with the no warm-up condition. There were no differences in the 91 m freestyle after 731.5 m of moderate swimming [32] or on the 50 m front crawl after 1,000 m of habitual warm-up [33]. Some possible reasons for these results are the time between warm-up and maximal swimming (not allowing a sufficient time to recover) and/or the volume and intensity of the warm-up, which most likely were not sufficient to cause desirable metabolic effects.…”

Section: In-water Warm-up: the Effect Of Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

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Warm-Up and Performance in Competitive Swimming

et al. 2013

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Warm-up before physical activity is commonly accepted to be fundamental, and any priming practices are usually thought to optimize performance. However, specifically in swimming, studies on the effects of warm-up are scarce, which may be due to the swimming pool environment, which has a high temperature and humidity, and to the complexity of warm-up procedures. The purpose of this study is to review and summarize the different studies on how warming up affects swimming performance, and to develop recommendations for improving the efficiency of warm-up before competition. Most of the main proposed effects of warm-up, such as elevated core and muscular temperatures, increased blood flow and oxygen delivery to muscle cells and higher efficiency of muscle contractions, support the hypothesis that warm-up enhances performance. However, while many researchers have reported improvements in performance after warm-up, others have found no benefits to warm-up. This lack of consensus emphasizes the need to evaluate the real effects of warm-up and optimize its design. Little is known about the effectiveness of warm-up in competitive swimming, and the variety of warm-up methods and swimming events studied makes it difficult to compare the published conclusions about the role of warm-up in swimming. Recent findings have shown that warm-up has a positive effect on the swimmer's performance, especially for distances greater than 200 m. We recommend that swimmers warm-up for a relatively moderate distance (between 1,000 and 1,500 m) with a proper intensity (a brief approach to race pace velocity) and recovery time sufficient to prevent the early onset of fatigue and to allow the restoration of energy reserves (8-20 min).

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The effect of warm-up in short distance swimming performance

Cited by 8 publications

References 31 publications

The effect of two additional dry-land active warm-up protocols on the 50-m front-crawl swimming performance

The effect of two additional dry-land active warm-up protocols on the 50-m front-crawl swimming performance

The Effects of Different Warm-up Volumes on the 100-m Swimming Performance

Warm-Up and Performance in Competitive Swimming

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