“…Several studies have reported changes in zoo animal behavior due to the presence of visitors, without concluding that these changes indicated any particular effect on animal welfare (Bennett's wallabies, Beaudin-Judd et al, 2019;gorillas, Kuhar, 2008;Lewis et al, 2020;Stoinski et al, 2012;kangaroos, Sherwen et al, 2015), or found no effect of visitor presence (anteater, Chiapero et al, 2020;chimpanzees and gorillas, Bonnie et al, 2016;greater rheas, Azevedo et al, 2012;meerkats, Sherwen et al, 2014). In some cases, other factors in the environment have been found to be better predictors of animal behavior, such as temperature, weather, or time of day (African penguins, Ozella et al, 2017;hornbills, Rose et al, 2020;ring-tailed lemurs, Goodenough et al, 2019;tigers, Goldsborough, 2017), all of which typically co-vary with visitor density.…”