The effect of various asthma medications on surface roughness of pediatric dental restorative materials: An atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy study

Abstract

The aim of the study is to examine and compare the effects of various inhaled asthma medications (IAMs) on the surface roughness of dental restorative materials (DRMs). In total, 192 samples were prepared including 32 samples for the each material group from six different DRMs [Nanohybrid composite (Filtek Z550), Nanofilled flowable composite (Filtek Ultimate), Compomer (Dyract XP), Conventional glass ionomer (Fuji IX Fast), Resin‐modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC), Self‐adhering flowable composite (Fusio Liquid Dentin)]. Each group, were divided into four subgroups (n = 8) according to four different IAMs. Surface roughness values (Ra) were obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM). After the initial roughness of DRMs was analyzed by using AFM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), each samples were exposed to the same IAMs for 21 days and all analysis were repeated on the 7th and 21st day. Ras increased in all DRMs and higher Ras were recorded through the long‐term IAMs administrations. For all IAMs, Fuji II LC had the highest Ra and Filtek Z550 had the lowest Ra. The combined IAM created the highest roughness change on the 7th and 21st day compared to other IAMs. As a result, in in vitro conditions IAMs significantly increased the surface roughness of DRMs.

Evaluation of the microhardness of different resin‐based dental restorative materials treated with gastric acid: Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis

“…Composite resins are more stable, nano‐sized and organized due to the material formulation and morphology of the filler particles. This allows them to have a higher inorganic volume and thus composites are less affected by acidic conditions (Attar, 2007; Candan & Ünal, 2021).…”

The influence of light‐curing time on fluoride release, surface topography, and bacterial adhesion in resin‐modified glass ionomer cements: AFM and SEM in vitro study

“…AFM allows a deep analysis of the surface structure of some dental materials (Tomoaia‐Cotisel et al, 2008: Candan & Ünal, 2021). The most irregular surface presented by Vitremer™ could be because of a large number of porosities on its surface, which are probably caused by the incorporation of air bubbles with the conventional powder/liquid mixture (De Paula et al, 2011).…”

“…The surface morphology of Ketac™ N100 was smother and homogeneous than Vitremer™. Candan & Ünal, 2021 examinated the surface roughness of one RMGIC and they found that it showed higher surface roughness by large and irregular fillers content compared to other dental restorative materials (Candan & Ünal, 2021). In this study, the surface topography of two material was different, therefore, the second hypothesis was rejected.…”

“…The fluoride release varies between different restorative materials, as well as, within different brands and may be affected by the formation of complex fluoride compounds, their interaction with polyacrylic acid, and by the type and amount of resin used for the photochemical polymerization reaction (Wiegand, Buchalla, & Attin, 2007). AFM allows a deep analysis of the surface structure of some dental materials (Tomoaia-Cotisel et al, 2008: Candan & Ünal, 2021. The most irregular surface presented by Vitremer™ could be because of a large number of porosities on its surface, which are probably caused by the incorporation of air bubbles with the conventional powder/liquid mixture (De Paula et al, 2011).…”

Effect of Salbutamol Sulfat Exposure to the Surface Roughness of Bioactive Resin

“…13 Salbutamol sulfate also has an effect on the surface of the restoration material, increasing discoloration and surface roughness caused by the formation of matrix pellicles which may cause the oral cavity to become acidic. 13,14,15 A roughened surface may cause adhesion of bacteria to restorative material. 15 Therefore, restorative materials must be well finished and polished to provide ideal surface characteristics and esthetics.…”