The Effect of UV Light and CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; in the Production of Polyunsaturated Aldehydes in &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Skeletonema costatum&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (Bacillariophycea)

Pacheco, Luiz Felipe C. da Motta; Uribe, Eduardo; Pino, Jorge A.; Troncoso, José Miguel; Quiróz, Andrés

doi:10.4236/ajps.2014.524379

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Diatoms are important primary producers in marine settings that produce allelopathic oxylipins when physiologically stressed or wounded by grazing [4][5][6][7][8]45]. Here, we present the first evidence that diatoms also produce these compounds in response to viral infection and the suite of compounds produced likely influence trophic transfer within the microbial loop.…”

Section: Oxylipin Production Was Stimulated By Viral Infection and Di...mentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The compounds are used as chemical signals across the tree of life, serving as lipid mediators in the human immune system [2] and natural grazing deterrents for land plants [3]. Oxylipin production by diatoms has been specifically tied to copepod [4] and microzooplankton grazing [5], temperature stress [6], UV stress [7], and nutrient stress [8]. Field studies in the Mediterranean Sea have observed increased oxylipin concentrations in association with cell concentration [9], diatom cell lysis measured by staining for membrane integrity [10], and bloom decline [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viral Infection Leads to a Unique Suite of Allelopathic Chemical Signals in Three Diatom Host–Virus Pairs

Edwards,

Thamatrakoln,

Fredricks

et al. 2024

Marine Drugs

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Ecophysiological stress and the grazing of diatoms are known to elicit the production of chemical defense compounds called oxylipins, which are toxic to a wide range of marine organisms. Here we show that (1) the viral infection and lysis of diatoms resulted in oxylipin production; (2) the suite of compounds produced depended on the diatom host and the infecting virus; and (3) the virus-mediated oxylipidome was distinct, in both magnitude and diversity, from oxylipins produced due to stress associated with the growth phase. We used high-resolution accurate-mass mass spectrometry to observe changes in the dissolved lipidome of diatom cells infected with viruses over 3 to 4 days, compared to diatom cells in exponential, stationary, and decline phases of growth. Three host virus pairs were used as model systems: Chaetoceros tenuissimus infected with CtenDNAV; C. tenuissimus infected with CtenRNAV; and Chaetoceros socialis infected with CsfrRNAV. Several of the compounds that were significantly overproduced during viral infection are known to decrease the reproductive success of copepods and interfere with microzooplankton grazing. Specifically, oxylipins associated with allelopathy towards zooplankton from the 6-, 9-, 11-, and 15-lipogenase (LOX) pathways were significantly more abundant during viral lysis. 9-hydroperoxy hexadecatetraenoic acid was identified as the strongest biomarker for the infection of Chaetoceros diatoms. C. tenuissimus produced longer, more oxidized oxylipins when lysed by CtenRNAV compared to CtenDNAV. However, CtenDNAV caused a more statistically significant response in the lipidome, producing more oxylipins from known diatom LOX pathways than CtenRNAV. A smaller set of compounds was significantly more abundant in stationary and declining C. tenuissimus and C. socialis controls. Two allelopathic oxylipins in the 15-LOX pathway and essential fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were more abundant in the stationary phase than during the lysis of C. socialis. The host–virus pair comparisons underscore the species-level differences in oxylipin production and the value of screening more host–virus systems. We propose that the viral infection of diatoms elicits chemical defense via oxylipins which deters grazing with downstream trophic and biogeochemical effects.

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Section: Oxylipin Production Was Stimulated By Viral Infection and Di...mentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Infection Leads to a Unique Suite of Allelopathic Chemical Signals in Three Diatom Host–Virus Pairs

Edwards,

Thamatrakoln,

Fredricks

et al. 2024

Marine Drugs

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show abstract

“…LOX enzymes varied seasonally, potentially explaining variations in PUA production amongst identical strains of diatoms. Additionally, UV stress and growth phase have been observed to impact potential PUA concentrations with more production upon UV irradiation and in stationary phase (Pacheco et al, 2014;. However, the controls on NVO production have not been explored and the controls on PUA production observed in culture and mesocosms have they been thoroughly investigated in situ where 21 feedback loops may exist between the biogeochemical controls on oxylipins and the ecological implications of the bioactive molecules produced.…”

Section: Furthermore Previous Studies That Aimed To Analyze Puas Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The four transects measuring PUAs from large phytoplankton across the North Atlantic showed a good correlation between N:P ratios and potential PUA concentrations . Indeed culture studies have shown that nutrient stress, seasonal variability, and UV irradiation are all associated with altered PUA production upon simulated wounding (Pacheco et al, 2014;). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The biogeochemistry of lipid derived infochemical signals in the ocean

Edwards¹

2016

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The relationship between membrane fatty acid content and mitochondrial efficiency differs within- and between- omega-3 dietary treatments

Salin

Mathieu‐Resuge

Graziano

et al. 2021

Marine Environmental Research

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An important, but underappreciated, consequence of climate change is the reduction in crucial nutrient production at the base of the marine food chain: the long-chain omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA). This can have dramatic consequences on consumers, such as fish as they have limited capacity to synthesise n-3 HUFA de novo. The n-3 HUFA, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), are critical for the structure and function of all biological membranes. There is increasing evidence that fish will be badly affected by reductions in n-3 HUFA dietary availability, however the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Hypotheses for how mitochondrial function should change with dietary n-3 HUFA availability have generally ignored ATP production, despite its importance to a cell's total energetics capacity, and in turn, whole-animal performance. Here we (i) quantified individual variation in mitochondrial efficiency (ATP/O ratio) of muscle and (ii) examined its relationship with content in EPA and DHA in muscle membrane of a primary consumer fish, the golden grey mullet Chelon auratus, receiving either a high or low n-3 HUFA diet. Mitochondria of fish fed on the low n-3 HUFA diet had higher ATP/O ratio than those of fish maintained on the high n-3 HUFA diet. Yet, mitochondrial efficiency varied up about 2-fold among individuals on the same dietary treatment, resulting in some fish consuming half the oxygen and energy substrate to produce the similar amount of ATP than conspecific on similar diet. This variation in mitochondrial efficiency among individuals from the same diet treatment was related to individual differences in fatty acid composition of the membranes: a high ATP/O ratio was associated with a high content in EPA and DHA in biological membranes. Our results highlight the existence of interindividual differences in mitochondrial efficiency and its potential importance in explaining intraspecific variation in response to food chain changes.

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The Effect of UV Light and CO<sub>2</sub> in the Production of Polyunsaturated Aldehydes in <i>Skeletonema costatum</i> (Bacillariophycea)

Cited by 3 publications

References 39 publications

Viral Infection Leads to a Unique Suite of Allelopathic Chemical Signals in Three Diatom Host–Virus Pairs

Viral Infection Leads to a Unique Suite of Allelopathic Chemical Signals in Three Diatom Host–Virus Pairs

The biogeochemistry of lipid derived infochemical signals in the ocean

The relationship between membrane fatty acid content and mitochondrial efficiency differs within- and between- omega-3 dietary treatments

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