The effect of training load stress on salivary cortisol concentrations, health parameters and hematological parameters in horses

Massányi, Martin; Halo, Marko; Mlyneková, Eva; Kováčiková, Eva; Tokárová, Katarína; Greń, Agnieszka; Massányi, Peter; Halo, Marko

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19037

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Prolonged elevations in salivary cortisol concentration may be linked to chronic stress, which, in turn, can contribute to multiple health disorders, including weakened immune systems and metabolic aberrations [42]. Thus, salivary cortisol concentration was proposed in clinical settings to assess stress levels, particularly in exercised horses [25,[41][42][43], during competition [40], during transportation, under environmental pressure [41], and in order to identify horses that have been exposed to chronic stress and require special care to maintain their welfare [42].…”

Section: Salivary Cortisolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One popular approach involves the use of special sponges or cotton balls that are placed in the horse's mouth for a brief period and then subsequently analyzed for cortisol content [86]. Cortisol in saliva can be measured using a variety of techniques, including RIA [38,40], ELISA [13,25], or EIA [32,41], which make it possible to measure this material precisely. In addition, salivary cortisol research also uses gas chromatography and other mass spectrometry techniques, which ensure the accuracy of the results [32].…”

Section: Salivary Cortisolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cortisol concentration increases rapidly in circulating blood after stressor, and can be accurately detected in various collected material [29][30][31][32]. It is worth noting that blood [13,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39] and partially salivary [13,25,32,[39][40][41] cortisol samples reflect an acute stress, whereas salivary [41][42][43], hair [44][45][46][47][48][49] and feces [8,17,38,[50][51][52][53] cortisol samples show a chronic stress. This is why cortisol is considered a biomarker for assessing both psychological and physiological stress, which can be used in the identification, treatment, and prevention of stress-related disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of Cortisol in Horse’s Welfare and Health

Sikorska,

Maśko,

Ciesielska

et al. 2023

Agriculture

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This review describes the physiological role of cortisol in the horses’ body and the usefulness of cortisol concentration measurements in assessing welfare and diagnosing diseases. Cortisol is examined in terms of its production and functions, along with the concept of circadian cortisol rhythms and potential disruptions in these patterns. The significance of cortisol concentration is emphasized, as it provides insights into stress levels, and the connection between cortisol and stereotypical horse behaviors, raising the question of whether these behaviors signify stress or serve as coping mechanisms. Moreover, cortisol concentration helps in diagnosing various health conditions such as Cushing’s Disease, inflammation, and metabolic imbalances. As cortisol concentration is considered a stress indicator that may be affected by the sampling protocol, the matrices for cortisol sampling and their practical applications are summarized. In this review, three major cortisol sampling methods: plasma, salivary, and hair cortisol, are described in detail. Plasma cortisol measurements offer acute stress insights, while salivary cortisol analysis provides a non-invasive method for continuous stress monitoring. Hair cortisol, on the other hand, offers an assessment of long-term stress levels. This text underscores the importance of cortisol control in safeguarding the welfare and health of horses.

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Section: Salivary Cortisolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Salivary Cortisolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of Cortisol in Horse’s Welfare and Health

Sikorska,

Maśko,

Ciesielska

et al. 2023

Agriculture

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Overtraining is also known to lead to physical and mental abnormalities in horses [11]. While the measurement results of blood lactate and cortisol provide important information [10,12,13], but the methods are complicated and time-consuming; a system that integrates analysis of the horse's movement during training and heart rate data using IT technology would provide valuable data for evaluating the training load of horses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a New IoT Device to Acquire and Analyze Gait Information of Horses in Training

Tanaka,

Ohshima,

Tanezaki

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Techniques have been developed to determine whether a horse is in resting or running mode by measuring at least one of the following: the horse's body temperature, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and exercise level. However, the existing technology has not reached a level where a trainer can accurately assess a horse's running conditions, such as speed, acceleration, stride, limb rotation, ground impact, and frontal balance, during the training of racehorses. In addition, data is needed to quickly detect abnormalities during training and provide a basis for changing the intensity of training or deciding to give a rest to the horse. Devices that detect abnormalities in equine gait with high sensitivity will contribute to animal welfare and increase the athletic longevity of horses. This paper reports the development results of a new IoT device that acquires, processes, and analyzes information such as heart rate, position, speed, acceleration, pitch, stride, and ground contact during a training of racehorses. The purpose of this development is to provide an information on a novel processing system, device, method, and program that can analyze training condition of racehorses from multiple angles.

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Cortisol levels, heart rate, and autonomic responses in horses during repeated road transport with different truck conditions trucks in a tropical environment

Lertratanachai,

Poochipakorn,

Sanigavatee

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Horse’s stress responses have been reported during road transport in cold but not tropical environments. Therefore, this study estimated cortisol levels, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) in horses during medium-distance road transport with different truck conditions in a tropical environment. Six horses were repeatedly transported in either air-conditioned trucks with full (ATF) or space (ATS) loads or non-air-conditioned trucks with full (N-ATF) and space (N-ATS) loads. Blood cortisol was determined beforehand and 5, 30, and 90 minutes post-transport. HR and HRV were assessed pre-transport and at 15-minute intervals until 90 minutes post-transport. Cortisol levels increased significantly in N-ATS horses (but non-significantly in ATF, ATS, and N-ATF horses) at 5 minutes post-transport and returned to baseline by 30 minutes post-transport. Predominant parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity was observed during the first few hours and returned to baseline until the destination was reached. A recurrent, increased PNS activity was detected post-transport. Interaction effects of air condition-by-loading condition-by-time, air condition-by-time, and separate effects of air condition and time were observed on HR and various HRV variables during transport. A transient increase in beat-to-beat intervals, coinciding with decreased HR, was observed in ATF horses. The PNS index increased, corresponding to a decreased sympathetic nervous system index, in ATS horses during transport. We suggest that medium-distance road transport causes no stress for transport-experienced horses in a tropical environment. Air and loading conditions impacted hormonal and autonomic modulation, causing different responses in horses transported in differently conditioned trucks.

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The effect of training load stress on salivary cortisol concentrations, health parameters and hematological parameters in horses

Cited by 4 publications

References 63 publications

Role of Cortisol in Horse’s Welfare and Health

Role of Cortisol in Horse’s Welfare and Health

Development of a New IoT Device to Acquire and Analyze Gait Information of Horses in Training

Cortisol levels, heart rate, and autonomic responses in horses during repeated road transport with different truck conditions trucks in a tropical environment

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