The Effect of Topical Antibacterial Agents on the Bacterial Flora of the Axilla**From the Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 4, Pennsylvania.

Shehadeh, Najib H.; Kligman, Albert M.

doi:10.1038/jid.1963.10

Cited by 86 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In contrast, the apocrine sweat glands are connected to the upper part of hair follicles in hairy regions such as axilla and perineum (Sato et al, 1989), with short and thick ducts and large secretory coils that release viscous liquid (water, electrolytes, protein, lipids, and steroids to the opening of hair follicles) (Sato et al, 1989; Wilke et al, 2007). Under disease conditions with hircismus, the secretions from apocrine sweat glands are turned from originally odorless to odorous compounds by bacterial enzymes on the skin’s surface (Shehadeh and Kligman, 1963; Preti and Leyden, 2010). A functional allele (538G > A) in the ATP-binding cassette C11 (ABCC11) gene was reported to highly associate with human earwax type (wet or dry) and axillary odor (Yoshiura et al, 2006; Toyoda et al, 2009, 2017; Martin et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining Key Genes Regulating Morphogenesis of Apocrine Sweat Gland in Sheepskin

Zheng

Nie

et al. 2019

Front. Genet.

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The apocrine sweat gland is a unique skin appendage in humans compared to mouse and chicken models. The absence of apocrine sweat glands in chicken and murine skin largely restrains further understanding of the complexity of human skin biology and skin diseases, like hircismus. Sheep may serve as an additional system for skin appendage investigation owing to the distributions and histological similarities between the apocrine sweat glands of sheep trunk skin and human armpit skin. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying morphogenesis of apocrine sweat glands in sheepskin, transcriptome analyses were conducted to reveal 1631 differentially expressed genes that were mainly enriched in three functional groups (cellular component, molecular function and biological process), particularly in gland, epithelial, hair follicle and skin development. There were 7 Gene Ontology (GO) terms enriched in epithelial cell migration and morphogenesis of branching epithelium that were potentially correlated with the wool follicle peg elongation. An additional 5 GO terms were enriched in gland morphogenesis (20 genes), gland development (42 genes), salivary gland morphogenesis and development (8 genes), branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis (6 genes) and mammary gland epithelial cell differentiation (4 genes). The enriched gland-related genes and two Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway genes (WNT and TGF-β) were potentially involved in the induction of apocrine sweat glands. Genes named BMPR1A, BMP7, SMAD4, TGFB3, WIF1, and WNT10B were selected to validate transcript expression by qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to localize markers for hair follicle (SOX2), skin fibroblast (PDGFRB), stem cells (SOX9) and BMP signaling (SMAD5) in sheepskin. SOX2 and PDGFRB were absent in apocrine sweat glands. SOX9 and SMAD5 were both observed in precursor cells of apocrine sweat glands and later in gland ducts. These results combined with the upregulation of BMP signaling genes indicate that apocrine sweat glands were originated from outer root sheath of primary wool follicle and positively regulated by BMP signaling. This report established the primary network regulating early development of apocrine sweat glands in sheepskin and will facilitate the further understanding of histology and pathology of apocrine sweat glands in human and companion animal skin.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining Key Genes Regulating Morphogenesis of Apocrine Sweat Gland in Sheepskin

Zheng

Nie

et al. 2019

Front. Genet.

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“…The IR spectrum of 2 showed absorption bands at 3438, 2); and so on, the same as those of 1. These HMBC results and the molecular formula of 2 indicated that it was a cage compound having a tricyclo[4,3,1,1 3,8 ]undecane carbon skeleton and an endo-peroxide moiety as shown in Fig. 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We isolated interesting polyprenylated benzoylphloroglucinol derivatives and some of them had novel cage structures. Compound 1 has tricycle[3,3,1, 1 3,7 ]decane carbon skeleton (adamantane) and 2, 3 and 8 had a tricycle[4,3,1,1 3,8 ]undecane carbon skeleton (homoadamantane).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Almost of the volatile compounds related to body odor are generated from dead skin cells and extracted materials, such as sweat and sebum, through the metabolism of skin-resident microorganisms. [1][2][3][4] Vinylketones, 1-octen-3-one and cis-1,5-octadien-3-one, which were scented with a strong metallic odor, were generated by lipid oxidation. 5) Volatile steroids, which are one of the key compounds in body odors, are also generated through the metabolism of skin-resident microorganisms from the male hormone, testosterone.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Polyprenylated Benzoylphloroglucinol-Type Derivatives Including Novel Cage Compounds from <i>Hypericum erectum</i>

et al. 2010

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“…(i) Body odour from axilla. The precursors to axillary odour are produced by the apocrine glands (Shehadeh and Kligman 1963a, 1963b, Zeng et al 1992, Gower et al 1994, and the characteristic axillary odour of humans is formed by the interaction of odourless, precursor molecules found in apocrine secretions with cutaneous, axillary microorganisms Kligman 1963a, Leyden et al 1981). It is generally considered that freshly secreted sweat is sterile and that body malodour (e.g.…”

Section: Skin and Skin Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial volatile compounds in health and disease conditions

Thorn¹,

Greenman²

2012

J. Breath Res.

111

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Microbial cultures and/or microbial associated diseases often have a characteristic smell. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are produced by all microorganisms as part of their normal metabolism. The types and classes of VOC produced is wide, including fatty acids and their derivatives (e.g. hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols and ketones), aromatic compounds, nitrogen containing compounds, and volatile sulfur compounds. A diversity of ecological niches exist in the human body which can support a polymicrobial community, with the exact VOC profile of a given anatomical site being dependent on that produced by both the host component and the microbial species present. The detection of VOCs is of interest to various disciplines, hence numerous analytical approaches have been developed to accurately characterize and measure VOCs in the laboratory, often from patient derived samples. Using these technological advancements it is evident that VOCs are indicative of both health and disease states. Many of these techniques are still largely confined to the research laboratory, but it is envisaged that in future bedside 'VOC profiling' will enable rapid characterization of microbial associated disease, providing vital information to healthcare practitioners.

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The Effect of Topical Antibacterial Agents on the Bacterial Flora of the Axilla**From the Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 4, Pennsylvania.

Cited by 86 publications

References 17 publications

Defining Key Genes Regulating Morphogenesis of Apocrine Sweat Gland in Sheepskin

Defining Key Genes Regulating Morphogenesis of Apocrine Sweat Gland in Sheepskin

Polyprenylated Benzoylphloroglucinol-Type Derivatives Including Novel Cage Compounds from <i>Hypericum erectum</i>

Microbial volatile compounds in health and disease conditions

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