The effect of toluene on the structure and permeability of the outer and cytoplasmic membranes of escherichia coli

Smet, M J de; Kingma, Jaap; Witholt, Bernard

doi:10.1016/0005-2736(78)90435-2

Cited by 175 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…De Smet et al (2) demonstrated that toluene destabilizes the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, causing a transition from a lamellar bilayer state to a hexagonal state, which results in the leakage of proteins, lipids, and ions and disruption of the cell membrane potential (1,2). The consequent collapse of ATP synthesis together with other lesions lead to cell death.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms for Solvent Tolerance in Bacteria

Ramos

Duque

Rodríguez-Herva

et al. 1997

Journal of Biological Chemistry

264

255

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The development of tolerance in Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1 to toluene and related highly toxic compounds involves short-and long-term responses. The short-term response is based on an increase in the rigidity of the cell membrane by rapid transformation of the fatty acid cis-9,10-methylene hexadecanoic acid (C17:cyclopropane) to unsaturated 9-cis-hexadecenoic acid (C16:1,9 cis) and subsequent transformation to the trans isomer. The long-term response involves in addition to the changes in fatty acids, alterations in the level of the phospholipid polar head groups: cardiolipin increases and phosphatidylethanolamine decreases. The two alterations lead to increased cell membrane rigidity and should be regarded as physical mechanisms that prevent solvent penetrance. Biochemical mechanisms that decrease the concentration of toluene in the cell membrane also take place and involve: (i) a solvent exclusion system and (ii) metabolic removal of toluene via oxidation. Mutants unable to carry out cis 3 trans isomerization of unsaturated lipids, that exhibit altered cell envelopes because of the lack of the OprL protein, or that are unable to exclude toluene from cell membranes are hypersensitive to toluene.Organic solvents with a logP OW value (logarithm of the partition coefficient of the target compound in a mixture of octanol/ water) between 1.5 and 3 are extremely toxic to microorganisms, a characteristic that has been well documented for toluene (logP OW 2.5) (1-4). De Smet et al. (2) demonstrated that toluene destabilizes the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, causing a transition from a lamellar bilayer state to a hexagonal state, which results in the leakage of proteins, lipids, and ions and disruption of the cell membrane potential (1, 2). The consequent collapse of ATP synthesis together with other lesions lead to cell death.Inoue and Horikoshi (5) isolated a Pseudomonas putida strain able to grow in a double phase system that contained up to 50% (v/v) toluene, despite the fact that this microorganism was not able to use this aromatic as a carbon source. This report was followed by three independent studies that described the isolation of three different P. putida strains that tolerated related organic solvents, e.g. styrene (6), xylenes (7), and toluene (8). The toluene-tolerant isolate, called P. putida DOT-T1, metabolized toluene via the p-cresol pathway (8). The "unexpected" ability of these Pseudomonas strains to tolerate toxic solvents opens new avenues of research into cellular metabolism. In this study, we have explored the molecular basis for solvent tolerance by P. putida DOT-T1. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESBacterial Strains and Culture Conditions-P. putida DOT-T1 is a solvent-tolerant strain (8), whereas P. putida mt-2 is a toluene-sensitive strain (9).Isolation of Toluene-sensitive Tn5 Mutants of P. putida DOT-T1-About 2000 Tn5 transconjugants of P. putida DOT-T1 were obtained after mating this strain with Escherichia coli (pGS9). The suicide plasmid pGS9 bears Tn5, and mutagenesis was carried out a...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms for Solvent Tolerance in Bacteria

Ramos

Duque

Rodríguez-Herva

et al. 1997

Journal of Biological Chemistry

264

255

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“…The following collapse in the ATP synthesis, with other lesions, caused the cellular death. The interaction of the cyclic hydrocarbons, as the aromatics, alicyclic and terpenes with the biological membranes have already been documented (De Smet et al, 1978;Sikkema et al, 1992;Uribe et al, 1985;Uribe et al, 1990). Those interactions cause the structural, permeability and functional changes in the membranes, which in turn can interrupt the growth and the activities of the cells.…”

Section: Radial Growth Of R Arrhizus Ucp402 and R Arrhizus Ucp402x (mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…This decrease provoked an inhibition of the protein syntesis, which might have caused the reduction in the mycelial growth (Azmi et al, 1988). In studies whose objective was the understanding of the solvents tolerance mechanisms in the bacteria, it was shown that the toluene destabilized the internal membrane of Gram-negatives, causing a transition from a bilayer lamellar state to a hexagonal state, resulting in the loss of the proteins, lipids, ions and the disruption of potential of the cellular membrane (De Smet et al, 1978;Sikkema et al, 1995). The following collapse in the ATP synthesis, with other lesions, caused the cellular death.…”

Section: Radial Growth Of R Arrhizus Ucp402 and R Arrhizus Ucp402x (mentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring the effect of pyrene on the germination and radial growth of the wild and mutant strains of Rhizopus arrhizus UCP402

Shiosaki

Albuquerque

Okada

et al. 2008

Braz. arch. biol. technol.

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“…Comparatively, more bacterial isolates were obtained from the benzene-spiked soil microcosm (Figure 1) as indicated by a higher Shannon-Weiner diversity index of 13.07 as compared to relatively lower indices (8.35) and 9.45 in the ethylbenzene and xylene microcosms, respectively (Table 4). Also, results obtained from Alpha Diversity calculation revealed relatively higher species richness [6] in benzene-spiked soils to the lowest [4] in the ethyl-benzene microcosm.…”

Section: Hydrocarbon-utilizing Bacterial Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BTEX) are ubiquitously found in various environments including soils and sediments where they occur naturally, mostly as part of lignin and as direct consequences of numerous anthropogenic practices [1][2][3]. These organic pollutants are known to often persist in such polluted environments partly due to their inherent toxicity and carcinogenic potentials as well as their hydrophobic properties which ensure their attachments to particulate organic matters in soil and sediments [4][5][6][7]. Therefore the widespread distribution of BTEX in various environments had resulted in several studies extensively exploring their potential biodegradation by indigenous microbial populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic Characterization and Community Diversity of Hydrocarbon-Utilizing Bacteria in Soil Microcosms Enriched with Aromatic Hydrocarbons

A¹

2015

J Bioremed Biodeg

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The effect of toluene on the structure and permeability of the outer and cytoplasmic membranes of escherichia coli

Cited by 175 publications

References 38 publications

Mechanisms for Solvent Tolerance in Bacteria

Mechanisms for Solvent Tolerance in Bacteria

Monitoring the effect of pyrene on the germination and radial growth of the wild and mutant strains of Rhizopus arrhizus UCP402

Phylogenetic Characterization and Community Diversity of Hydrocarbon-Utilizing Bacteria in Soil Microcosms Enriched with Aromatic Hydrocarbons

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