“…Field emission (FE) is the process by which electrons are expelled from a material's surface through quantum mechanical tunneling in response to an external electric field. 1,2 The electron source based on the FE process possesses various benefits, including room-temperature operation, quick response to an external electric field, uniformity and higher brightness for fluorescence screen displays, and lower power consumption. 3 These excellent characteristics hold great promise for a variety of vacuum microelectronic applications, including flat panel displays, 4 X-ray sources, 5 microwave power devices, 6 and sensors.…”