The effect of time of eating on cardiometabolic risk in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease

Every year, healthy adult Muslims practice dawn to sunset fasting for a whole lunar month. No food or fluid is allowed for the fasting time window. After sunset, eating is allowed. The dramatic change in the timing of meals is accompanied by changes in sleeping hours and thus alterations in circadian rhythms. Hormonal mechanisms mainly determined by the latter also change. These include shifts in cortisol and melatonin. Food‐dependent hormones such as Ghrelin and leptin also show changes. A well‐established principle of chrononutrition is that the timing of eating may be as or more important than the content of food. Ramadan fasting (RF) is distinct from other forms of intermittent fasting, although there are also some similarities with time restricted eating (TRE). Both have been shown to have health benefits. Here, we examine existing literature to understand and learn from this very commonly practiced form of fasting and its relationships to circadian rhythms and homoeostatic mechanisms.

Section: Chrononutrition: Circadian Rhythms and Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Recent studies suggest that chrononutrition may have therapeutic applications for individuals who are either with or are at‐risk of metabolic disease and thus may convey health benefits within the general population 13 . In particular, the time of eating has important effects on cardiometabolic risk 14 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chrononutrition in the context of Ramadan: Potential implications

Ali,

Lessan

2023

“…Evidence suggests that delaying eating until later in the evening or consuming most daily calories later may lead to a misalignment with the central circadian clock, impacting both the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and peripheral circadian systems. 4 Moreover, recent findings indicate that chrononutrition is influenced by an individual's 'chronotype', 1 representing circadian preferences in sleep times and daily activities. Chronotypes categorize individuals into 'morning', 'evening', or 'intermediate' types.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Modern lifestyles, characterised by 24/7 activity and constant nutrient availability, disrupt circadian physiology. Evidence suggests that delaying eating until later in the evening or consuming most daily calories later may lead to a misalignment with the central circadian clock, impacting both the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and peripheral circadian systems 4 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chrononutrition in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity: A narrative review

Verde,

Di Lorenzo,

Savastano

et al. 2024

Chrononutrition is a nutritional regimen that follows our biological clock, marked by the changes in metabolism that occur during the day. This regimen includes the distribution of energy, the regularity and frequency of meals, and the importance of these factors for metabolic health. A growing body of animal and human evidence indicates that the timing of food intake throughout the day can have a significant and beneficial impact on the metabolic health and well‐being of individuals. In particular, both the timing and frequency of meals have been associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, and other chronic conditions. Today's busy lifestyle makes many people skip breakfast and eat late at night. Eating late at night has been shown to cause a circadian misalignment, with the latter having a negative impact on weight control and glucose metabolism. Additionally, some studies have found a relatively strong association between skipping breakfast and insulin resistance, and T2DM. Against the backdrop of escalating obesity and T2DM rates, coupled with the recognized influence of food timing on disease evolution and control, this review aimed to synthesize insights from epidemiological and intervention studies of the interplay of timing of food intake and macronutrient consumption, reporting their impact on obesity and T2DM.

“…A major focus of this issue is related to intermittent fasting (IF), which encompasses different strategies such as alternate day fasting, modified alternated‐day fasting (i.e., periodic fasting), and time restricted eating (TRE) (i.e., early TRE and late TRE). Specifically, the Special Issues describes the role of IF in patients at risk for (i.e., primary prevention) and with established CV disease (i.e., secondary prevention) and the potential mechanisms that may explain the effects of IF on overall cardiometabolic health in two narrative reviews 6,7 . It also includes an article that specifically focuses on the role of chrononutrition in hypertension providing novel mechanistic insights on the circadian physiology of blood pressure with an emphasis on renal and vascular circadian biology 8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chrononutrition in cardiometabolic diseases: Current evidence and future perspectives

Carbone,

Pozzilli

2024

Chrononutrition is the field of nutritional science that investigates the relationship between food intake, timing of food intake, and their effects and influence on circadian rhythms and overall health. By aligning eating patterns with body's internal clock, optimisation of metabolic processes, improvements of various aspects of health can be achieved. Cardiovascular (CV) and metabolic diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Notably, in the US alone, approximately half of all cardiometabolic deaths are attributed to modifiable dietary factors, suggesting that dietary changes could result in dramatic increases in lifespan and its related quality of life. Social media have also a great impact on chrononutrition and their role cannot be neglected. The impact of social media on chrononutrition can be multifaceted: information dissemination, influence on eating habits, digital detox challenges, cultural influence and social jet lag. This special issue will provide novel insights and clarifications on chrononutrition, but also on additional controversial topics. The articles we selected should promote future preclinical and clinical studies to ultimately identify the most appropriate approaches to reduce the unacceptable high burden of CV and metabolic diseases.