The effect of the tree species ratio of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) on polyphagous and monophagous pest species – Lymantria monacha L. and Calliteara pudibunda L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) as an example

Heiermann, Julian; Schütz, Stefan

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.10.020

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Most previous studies focused on the damage caused by one or few particular herbivore species (Jactel et al . ; Heiermann & Schütz ). This approach can be used to identify the mechanisms involved in the diversity–resistance relationship (Jactel & Brockerhoff ; Dulaurent et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant apparency, an overlooked driver of associational resistance to insect herbivory

et al. 2013

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Summary1. Herbivore regulation is one of the services provided by plant diversity in terrestrial ecosystems. It has been suggested that tree diversity decreases insect herbivory in forests, but recent studies have reported opposite patterns, indicating that tree diversity can trigger associational resistance or susceptibility. The mechanisms underlying the tree diversity-resistance relationship thus remain a matter of debate. 2. We assessed insect herbivory on pedunculate oak saplings (Quercus robur) in a large-scale experiment in which we manipulated tree diversity and identity by mixing oaks, birch and pine species. 3. Tree diversity at the plot scale had no effect on damage due to leaf chewers, but abundance of leaf miners decreased with increasing tree diversity. The magnitude of this associational resistance increased with host dilution, consistent with the 'resource concentration hypothesis'. 4. At a smaller scale, we estimated tree apparency as the difference in total height between focal oak saplings and their nearest neighbouring trees. Levels of oak infestation with leaf miners decreased significantly with decreasing tree apparency. As the probability of having taller neighbours increased with tree diversity, notably due to the increase in the proportion of faster growing nonhost trees, such as birches and pines, tree apparency may be seen as a 'hidden', sampling effect of tree diversity. 5. Synthesis. These findings suggest that greater host dilution and lower tree apparency contribute to associational resistance in young trees. They also highlight the importance of taking plant size into account as a covariate, to avoid misleading interpretations about the biodiversity-resistance relationship.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There has been considerable debate about the support for the resource concentration hypothesis in the literature (Otway, Hector & Lawton ; Heiermann & Schütz ; Sholes ; Haddad et al . ; Björkman et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant apparency, an overlooked driver of associational resistance to insect herbivory

et al. 2013

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“…). Here, because we measured total chewing damage, we cannot dismiss the fact that the overall pattern obscures species‐specific variability in herbivore response to leaf traits (Heiermann & Schütz, ; Plath et al., ), which would deserve more investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bottom‐up and top‐down effects of tree species diversity on leaf insect herbivory

Castagneyrol

Bonal

Damien

et al. 2017

Ecology and Evolution

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The diversity of plant neighbors commonly results in direct, bottom‐up effects on herbivore ability to locate their host, and in indirect effects on herbivores involving changes in plant traits and a top‐down control by their enemies. Yet, the relative contribution of bottom‐up and top‐down forces remains poorly understood. We also lack knowledge on the effect of abiotic constraints such as summer drought on the strength and direction of these effects. We measured leaf damage on pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), alone or associated with birch, pine or both in a long‐term tree diversity experiment (ORPHEE), where half of the plots were irrigated while the other half remained without irrigation and received only rainfall. We tested three mechanisms likely to explain the effects of oak neighbors on herbivory: (1) Direct bottom‐up effects of heterospecific neighbors on oak accessibility to herbivores, (2) indirect bottom‐up effects of neighbors on the expression of leaf traits, and (3) top‐down control of herbivores by predators. Insect herbivory increased during the growth season but was independent of neighbor identity and irrigation. Specific leaf area, leaf toughness, and thickness varied with neighbor identity while leaf dry matter content or C:N ratio did not. When summarized in a principal component analysis (PCA), neighbor identity explained 87% of variability in leaf traits. PCA axes partially predicted herbivory. Despite greater rates of attack on dummy caterpillars in irrigated plots, avian predation, and insect herbivory remained unrelated. Our study suggests that neighbor identity can indirectly influence insect herbivory in mixed forests by modifying leaf traits. However, we found only partial evidence for these trait‐mediated effects and suggest that more attention should be paid to some unmeasured plant traits such as secondary metabolites, including volatile organic compounds, to better anticipate the effects of climate change on plant‐insect interactions in the future.

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“…However, previous research on associational resistance versus susceptibility in forests was mostly performed at the level of individual tree species and particular associated herbivores (e.g. Heiermann and Schütz ). Instead, we investigated ‘community herbivory’ (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting effects of tree diversity on young tree growth and resistance to insect herbivores across three biodiversity experiments

Haase

Castagneyrol

Cornelissen

et al. 2015

Oikos

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Tree diversity is an important driver of forest ecosystem functioning, hypothesised to enhance tree growth and resistance to herbivores. To test this, we assessed the relative importance of tree species richness and functional diversity on tree height growth and insect herbivore damage across three tree diversity experiments in Finland, France and Germany, established within the last fifteen years. These experiments encompass species richness gradients from monocultures up to five species mixtures, with compositions drawn from a pool of eleven tree species. Tree height growth and total insect herbivory were evaluated at both the tree species and forest plot scales. Trees in mixtures tended to grow taller, but on average received more insect herbivory relative to monocultures. Gradients of tree species richness or functional diversity had only weak impact on the magnitude of these effects. Community weighted means of specific leaf area alone captured diversity effects on tree height growth, with stronger positive effects of diversity in mixtures with high community SLA. Tree species-specific responses were highly variable. No species significantly benefited both in terms of increased growth and reduced herbivory when grown in mixtures. More species showed positive height growth responses in mixed assemblages, but only the two exotic conifers experienced associational resistance to herbivores. This large-scale study shows that tree height growth in young forest plantations tends to be higher in species mixtures than in monocultures, but incremental increases in functional diversity have, at best, weak marginal growth benefits. Moreover, there appear to be contrasting effects at forest plot versus individual species scales. Thus, while some species show lower herbivore damage in mixtures, this is not a consistent trend and contrasts the higher overall damage in mixtures observed at the forest plot scale. To improve both tree growth and resistance to herbivores in tree species mixtures seems therefore challenging

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The effect of the tree species ratio of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) on polyphagous and monophagous pest species – Lymantria monacha L. and Calliteara pudibunda L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) as an example

Cited by 22 publications

References 25 publications

Plant apparency, an overlooked driver of associational resistance to insect herbivory

Plant apparency, an overlooked driver of associational resistance to insect herbivory

Bottom‐up and top‐down effects of tree species diversity on leaf insect herbivory

Contrasting effects of tree diversity on young tree growth and resistance to insect herbivores across three biodiversity experiments

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