The effect of the regulation on trans fatty acid content in Danish food

Leth, Torben; Jensen, H. G.; Mikkelsen, Aase Ærendahl; Bysted, Anette

doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2006.04.019

Cited by 144 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…As previously discussed, required limitations on dietary trans fats in Denmark have nearly eliminated trans fats from commercial sources and has contributed to continued reductions in cardiovascular disease-related deaths (12,17). Canada is also moving to limit trans fats in the diet, and is currently asking manufacturers to voluntarily reduce trans fats (37).…”

Section: Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Trans Fats in America: A Review of Their Use, Consumption, Health Implications, and Regulation

Remig

Franklin²,

Margolis³

et al. 2010

Journal of the American Dietetic Association

150

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Section: Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Denmark has experienced a dramatic decline in cardiovascular disease of about 60% (12,17). This decline is in part due to progressively lower intake of trans fat from commercial sources, culminating in the passage of legislation limiting their use.…”

Section: Epidemiologic Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trans Fats in America: A Review of Their Use, Consumption, Health Implications, and Regulation

Remig

Franklin²,

Margolis³

et al. 2010

Journal of the American Dietetic Association

150

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…However, the limited number of available studies prohibits any firm conclusions concerning whether the source of TFA is important. Any legislative discrimination between TFA from the two sources must therefore be the result of a pragmatic decision based on: (1) the low risk of achieving high daily intakes of R-TFA when consuming normal foods vs the risk of consuming considerable amount of IP-TFA with high intakes of certain food products such as fast food and snacks (or with hydrogenated vegetable oil in non-Western countries (Singh et al, 1996)); (2) the difficulties in removing R-TFA from natural food sources vs the achievable elimination of IP-TFA from most foods (Leth et al, 2006); and (3) the belief that R-TFA-containing foods are often otherwise healthy, whereby the consumption of these should not be restricted vs the notion that IP-TFA are nutritionally unnecessary.…”

Section: Nhsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of industrial and ruminant trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

et al. 2011

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The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the evidence from observational studies assessing the association between intake of trans fatty acids (TFA) and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), with a specific emphasis on distinguishing between TFA of industrial and ruminant origin. By searching five bibliographic databases, analyses from six published and two unpublished prospective cohort studies, assessing the association of intake of TFA with fatal and/or non-fatal CHD, were identified. Four and three studies reported separate associations for intake of ruminant or industrial-TFA, respectively. The pooled relative risk estimates for comparison of extreme quintiles of total-TFA intake (corresponding to intake increments ranging from 2.8 to B10 g/day) were 1.22 (95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.38; P ¼ 0.002) for CHD events and 1.24 (1.07-1.43; P ¼ 0.003) for fatal CHD. Ruminant-TFA intake (increments ranging from 0.5 to 1.9 g/day) was not significantly associated with risk of CHD (risk ratio (RR) ¼ 0.92 (0.76-1.11); P ¼ 0.36), and neither was industrial-TFA intake, although there was a trend towards a positive association (RR ¼ 1.21 (0.97-1.50); P ¼ 0.09). In conclusion, our analysis suggests that industrial-TFA may be positively related to CHD, whereas ruminant-TFA is not, but the limited number of available studies prohibits any firm conclusions concerning whether the source of TFA is important. The null association of ruminant-TFA with CHD risk may be due to lower intake levels.

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“…There is evidence from countries such as Denmark that through legislation trans fat can be completely removed from the food supply (12) . Although Denmark made the process of eliminating trans fat look relatively easy, India will experience additional challenges for its removal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most notably, Denmark became the first nation to set an upper limit of trans fat in 2003 and within less than a year trans fats were essentially removed from the food supply (10)(11)(12) . The Government of India is now proposing to regulate trans fat.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

From Denmark to Delhi: the multisectoral challenge of regulatingtransfats in India

Downs

Thow

Ghosh-Jerath

et al. 2012

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: India has proposed legislating an upper limit of trans fat in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils and mandating trans fat labelling in an effort to reduce intakes. The objective of the present study was to examine the complexities of regulating trans fat in India by examining the policy processes involved and the perceived implementation challenges. Design: Semi-structured interviews (n 18) were conducted with key informants from various sectors. Interviewees were asked about sources of trans fat in the food supply, existing policies that may influence trans fats and perceived challenges related to the proposed trans fat regulation, in addition to questions tailored to their area of expertise. Interview data were organised based on common themes. Setting: Interviews were conducted in India. Subjects: Interviewees were key informants from various sectors including agriculture, trade, industry and health. Results: Several themes were identified related to the complexity of regulating trans fat in India. A lack of trans fat awareness, the large unorganised retail sector, a need for suitable alternative products that are both acceptable to consumers and affordable, and a need to build capacity were crucial factors affecting India's ability to successfully regulate trans fat. The limited number of food inspectors will create an additional challenge in terms of enforcement of trans fat regulation. Conclusions: Although India will face challenges in regulating trans fat, legislating an upper limit of trans fat in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils will likely be the most effective approach to reducing it in the food supply. Ongoing engagement with industry, agriculture, trade and processing sectors will prove essential in terms of product reformulation.

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The effect of the regulation on trans fatty acid content in Danish food

Cited by 144 publications

References 4 publications

Trans Fats in America: A Review of Their Use, Consumption, Health Implications, and Regulation

Trans Fats in America: A Review of Their Use, Consumption, Health Implications, and Regulation

Consumption of industrial and ruminant trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

From Denmark to Delhi: the multisectoral challenge of regulatingtransfats in India

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