The effect of the ratio of standardized ileal digestible lysine to metabolizable energy on growth performance, blood metabolites and hormones of lactating sows

Xue, Lingfeng; Piao, Xiangshu; Li, Defa; Li, Pengfei; Zhang, Rongfei; Kim, Sung Woo; Dong, Bing

doi:10.1186/2049-1891-3-11

Cited by 16 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The energy concentration of lactation diets is an important determinant of energy consumption and is typically modified by the use of fats, oils or fibres in the diet. An increase in dietary energy concentration typically represents an increase in energy intake at the same feed intake until a level at which the dietary energy concentration negatively affects feed intake (Xue et al, 2012). Studies demonstrated that increasing the energy concentration of lactation diets from 12.8 to 13.4 MJ ME/kg improved energy intake and consequently reduced weight loss and increased litter growth rate during lactation (Xue et al, 2012).…”

Section: Energy Requirements In Lactationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An increase in dietary energy concentration typically represents an increase in energy intake at the same feed intake until a level at which the dietary energy concentration negatively affects feed intake (Xue et al, 2012). Studies demonstrated that increasing the energy concentration of lactation diets from 12.8 to 13.4 MJ ME/kg improved energy intake and consequently reduced weight loss and increased litter growth rate during lactation (Xue et al, 2012). However, lactation diets with a high energy concentration of 13.8 to 14.2 MJ ME/kg had a negative impact on feed intake (Xue et al, 2012) and, thus, did not further increase energy intake.…”

Section: Energy Requirements In Lactationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies demonstrated that increasing the energy concentration of lactation diets from 12.8 to 13.4 MJ ME/kg improved energy intake and consequently reduced weight loss and increased litter growth rate during lactation (Xue et al, 2012). However, lactation diets with a high energy concentration of 13.8 to 14.2 MJ ME/kg had a negative impact on feed intake (Xue et al, 2012) and, thus, did not further increase energy intake.…”

Section: Energy Requirements In Lactationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lysine requirement estimates are the most frequently studied, as models predict a substantial increase in Lys requirements of lactating sows with large, fast-growing litters ( Table 2). The literature seems to agree on the effect of increasing dietary Lys intake to reduce BW loss and body protein mobilisation, but is conflicting in terms of the influence of dietary Lys intake on litter growth rate and subsequent reproductive performance (Xue et al, 2012;Shi et al, 2015;Gourley et al, 2017). Studies using a range of 0.50 to 0.81 g SID Lys per MJ ME determined that the Lys requirement estimate to minimise sow BW loss in the lactation period is around 0.72 to 0.79 g SID Lys per MJ ME (Xue et al, 2012;Shi et al, 2015;Gourley et al, 2017).…”

Section: Amino Acid and Protein Requirements In Lactationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review: Nutrient requirements of the modern high-producing lactating sow, with an emphasis on amino acid requirements

Tokach

Menegat

Gourley

et al. 2019

Animal

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Sow productivity improvements continue to increase metabolic demands during lactation. During the peripartum period, energy requirements increase by 60%, and amino acid needs increase by 150%. As litter size has increased, research on peripartum sows has focused on increasing birth weight, shortening farrowing duration to reduce stillbirths and improving colostrum composition and yield. Dietary fibre can provide short-chain fatty acids to serve as an energy source for the uterus prior to farrowing; however, fat and glucose appear to be the main energy sources used by the uterus during farrowing. Colostrum immunoglobulin G concentration can be improved by increasing energy and amino acid availability prior to farrowing; however, the influence of nutrient intake on colostrum yield is unequivocal. As sows transition to the lactation period, nutrient requirements increase with milk production demands to support large, fast-growing litters. The adoption of automated feed delivery systems has increased feed supply and intake of lactating sows; however, sows still cannot consume enough feed to meet energy and amino acid requirements during lactation. Thus, sows typically catabolise body fat and protein to meet the needs for milk production. The addition of energy sources to lactation diets increases energy intake and energy output in milk, leading to a reduction in BW loss and an improvement in litter growth rate. The supply of dietary amino acids and CP close to the requirements improves milk protein output and reduces muscle protein mobilisation. The amino acid requirements of lactating sows are variable as a consequence of the dynamic body tissue mobilisation during lactation; however, lysine (Lys) is consistently the first-limiting amino acid. A regression equation using published data on Lys requirement of lactating sows predicted a requirement of 27 g/day of digestible Lys intake for each 1 kg of litter growth, and 13 g/day of Lys mobilisation from body protein reserves. Increases in dietary amino acids reduce protein catabolism, which historically leads to improvements in subsequent reproductive performance. Although the connection between lactation catabolism and subsequent reproduction remains a dogma, recent literature with high-producing sows is not as clear on this response. Many practical aspects of meeting the nutrient requirements of lactating sows have not changed. Sows with large litters should approach farrowing without excess fat reserves (e.g. <18 mm backfat thickness), be fed ad libitum from farrowing to weaning, be housed in a thermoneutral environment and have their skin wetted to remove excess heat when exposed to high temperatures.

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Section: Energy Requirements In Lactationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Energy Requirements In Lactationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Energy Requirements In Lactationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Amino Acid and Protein Requirements In Lactationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Review: Nutrient requirements of the modern high-producing lactating sow, with an emphasis on amino acid requirements

Tokach

Menegat

Gourley

et al. 2019

Animal

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show abstract

“…Feed intake decreases as the dietary energy concentration increases, and as a result, total lysine intake may decline when formulating high‐fibre diets for lactating sows at a certain lysine percentage of the diet. Hence, it is recommended to use the SID lysine to ME ratio as the optimum method of expressing the lysine requirement (Xue et al., ). Although NRC () requirements for lactation sows are based on greater ME and SID lysine content than in the present study (3.3 Mcal/kg vs. 7.2–8.7 g/kg respectively), the ad libitum feeding pattern allowed meeting most of the estimated nutrient requirements of sows on a daily basis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional strategies to cope with reduced litter weight gain and total tract digestibility in lactating sows

Álvarez-Rodríguez

Mir

Seradj

et al. 2016

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Twelve lactating sows were used to evaluate the effects of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) (14% vs. 12%) and increasing neutral detergent fibre (NDF) levels (18% vs. 22%) on litter performance, total tract apparent digestibility and manure composition in a 4 × 4 latin square arrangement during a 36-day lactation period. Diets were isoenergetic (2.9 Mcal ME/kg) and had similar total lysine content (0.9%). In addition, a second aim was to compare a reference external marker method (Cr O ) with an internal feed marker [acid-insoluble ash (AIA)] for the calculation of apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients in lactating sows. The reduction of dietary CP level in lactating sows had no effect on either live-weight or backfat thickness or apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients. However, the piglets' average daily gain (ADG) was reduced in low dietary CP diets, which suggests that sows reduced milk production due to an underestimation of certain essential amino acid requirements (e.g. valine). The increase of dietary NDF level did not affect sow and litter performance. Nevertheless, the total tract apparent digestibility of organic matter, CP and carbohydrates was reduced, and ether extract digestion was increased in high NDF compared to normal NDF diets equally balanced for ME and lysine content. The coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients in lactating sows were greater when using AIA compared to Cr O marker, regardless of dietary CP or NDF level, but their coefficients of variation were lower in the former than in the latter. In lactating sows, a trade-off between litter performance and nutrient digestion is established when reducing dietary CP or increasing NDF levels while maintaining similar lysine content through synthetic amino acids and balancing metabolizable energy through dietary fat sources.

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The increased expression of follicle-stimulating hormone leads to a decrease of fecundity in transgenic Large White female pigs

Jiang

et al. 2017

Transgenic Res

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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a pituitary gonadotropin regulating reproduction in mammals. Overexpression of the exogenous FSHα/β genes from Chinese Erhualian pigs improved female fecundity of transgenic (TG) mice and male spermatogenesis ability of Large White TG boars. Here, we investigated the impact of the exogenous FSHα/β genes on female reproductive performance of Large White TG pigs. First, we identified the integration site of the exogenous FSHα/β genes at 140,646,456 bp on chromosome 9 in these TG pigs using whole-genome sequencing. Then, we showed that TG gilts had higher levels of serum FSH and FSHβ protein in pituitary while had a potentially lower number of born piglets than their wild-type half sibs. TG gilts grew healthily and normally without significant difference in growth and health parameters as compared to WT gilts. The expression levels of FSHR, LHR, ESR1 and ESR2 were significantly lower in TG gilts than in WT gilts at the age of 300 days. Taken together, we proposed that the overexpressed FSHα/β transgenes could cause deteriorate fecundity via disturbing the normal expression of the endogenous reproduction-related genes in female pigs. Our findings provide insight into the effect of overexpression of FSHα/β on female reproduction performance in pigs.

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The effect of the ratio of standardized ileal digestible lysine to metabolizable energy on growth performance, blood metabolites and hormones of lactating sows

Cited by 16 publications

References 36 publications

Review: Nutrient requirements of the modern high-producing lactating sow, with an emphasis on amino acid requirements

Review: Nutrient requirements of the modern high-producing lactating sow, with an emphasis on amino acid requirements

Nutritional strategies to cope with reduced litter weight gain and total tract digestibility in lactating sows

The increased expression of follicle-stimulating hormone leads to a decrease of fecundity in transgenic Large White female pigs

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