The effect of the flow-regime, reversal of polarization, and oxygen on the long term stability in capacitive de-ionization processes

Cohen, Izaak; Avraham, Eran; Bouhadana, Yaniv; Soffer, Abraham; Aurbach, Doron

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.12.007

Cited by 146 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Experiments were conducted with aerated and deaerated feed water. Clearly, a decrease of desalination performance is observed over time, which is for the aerated case stronger than for the deaerated case, and is in agreement with other studies [3,64,100,120,170,171]. After 45 hours of desalination, for the aerated case, salt adsorption becomes negative, which means that salt is adsorbed during discharge (charging voltage 0 V), and desorbed during charging (discharge …”

Section: CDIsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…The first cycles of a CDI aerated experiment show salt adsorption during charging, and salt desorption during discharge. However, in less than 21 h we observe inversion behavior: before salt adsorption, there is a desorption peak [64,100]. Later, after 96 h, during charging, there is only desorption of salt, and salt is adsorbed during the discharge step.…”

Section: V)mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…• the oxidation of water at the anode (2 H Although CDI is based on a capacitive process, faradaic reactions may also occur [58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]. These faradaic reactions can be unfavorable in CDI, as they…”

Section: Faradaic Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas MCDI has shown stable long-term performance [102], CDI shows a declining desalination performance over time, especially if dissolved oxygen is present in the feed water [3,64,100,120,170,171]. This decrease in desalination performance has been mainly attributed to faradaic reactions involving carbon oxidation [63][64][65].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• reduce charge and energy efficiency of the process (electrons involved in faradaic reactions do not contribute to ion adsorption in EDLs); • can result in unwanted pH changes of the effluent solution, as some reactions involve the production or consumption of protons or hydroxyl ions, which can result in precipitation of salt on membranes or into electrodes, and thereby affect the long-term stability of the cell [64,[66][67][68]; • can result in oxidation of carbon -often the main electrode material in CDI -and thereby also affect the stability of the CDI desalination process [63][64][65].…”

Section: Faradaic Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Desalination with porous electrodes : Mechanisms of ion transport and adsorption

Dykstra¹

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Section: CDIsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: V)mentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Faradaic Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Faradaic Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Desalination with porous electrodes : Mechanisms of ion transport and adsorption

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Rapid Inversion of Surface Charges in Heteroatom‐Doped Porous Carbon: A Route to Robust Electrochemical Desalination

Kang

Kim

Chung

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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Given that a considerably large population suffers from shortage of water, there are numerous on‐going efforts to turn seawater into freshwater, and electrochemical desalination processes—particularly capacitive deionization (CDI)—have gained significant attention due to their high energy efficiency and reliable performance. Meanwhile, carbonaceous electrode materials, which are most commonly used in CDI systems, have poor long‐term stability due to unfavorable interactions with oxygen in saline water. Herein, rapid and vigorous inversion of surface charges in heteroatom‐doped carbon electrodes, which leads to a robust operation of CDI with high desalination capacity, is reported for the first time. By carbonization of coffee wastes, nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐codoped activated carbon with hierarchical micro/mesopores are prepared in an environmentally‐friendly manner, and this carbon results in a significantly higher inverted capacity than that of various activated carbon counterparts in long‐term CDI operations, without any sign of drop in performance. Investigations on the changes in physicochemical properties of the electrodes during the inversion disclose the favorable roles of nitrogen and sulfur dopants, which can be summarized as enlarging the difference between the surface charges of the two electrodes by chemical interactions with oxygen in the anode and carbon in the cathode.

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Electrocapacitive Deionization: Mechanisms, Electrodes, and Cell Designs

Sun

Tebyetekerwa

Wang

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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freshwater storage. [6,7] Figure 1 shows the annual average monthly blue water (fresh surface water and groundwater) scarcity.Regions like Australia, central America, North China, and North Africa face the highest freshwater scarcity. Two-thirds of the global population suffers from severe freshwater scarcity at least 1 month of the year, and half a billion people worldwide face severe freshwater scarcity all year around. [8] This issue will intensify in the future due to climate change and evergrowing water consumption.The earth's climate and the terrestrial water cycle have a close and complex relationship. [9] Climate change is causing parts of the water cycle to speed up as warming temperatures increase the water evaporation rate. Scientific evidence shows that global warming is now unequivocal. [10] Greenhouse gas emissions have steeply increased, directly affecting terrestrial water budgets. For example, water decreases have already been observed in western Africa, southwestern Australia, the Yellow River basin in China, and the Pacific Northwest of the United States of America. Such decreases affect freshwater availability directly. [8,11] In addition to the negative effects of climate change on freshwater access, the higher water consumption of our world population and economic activities are causing great additional freshwater stress. For example, agriculture consumes 50-60%, industries use 5-10%, and 10-20% is used for urban purposes. [12] Further, many of these activities may lead to polluted water, decreasing the available clean and freshwater. For these reasons, the United Nations declared freshwater as one of the many global challenges that need immediate action for sustainable development. [13] Depending on the total mass of dissolved solids in water, natural water is classified into brine water (>50 g L −1 ), saline water (30-50 g L −1 ), brackish water (0.5-30 g L −1 ), and freshwater (0-0.5 g L −1 ). [14] According to the World Health Organization, drinkable water should contain <0.25 g L −1 of salt, and the limitation on agriculture irrigation is 2 g L −1 . [15,16] There is a need to obtain freshwater by leveraging the tremendous amount of non-fresh water that can be made useable. This can be done by extracting undesirable ions from existing water in a desalination process. This process needs to be energy-efficient and cheap for sustainability and affordability. Water desalination is a promising and practical approach to maintaining an adequate potable water supply. [17,18] Capacitive deionization (CDI) is burgeoning as a cost-effective and energy-efficient

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The effect of the flow-regime, reversal of polarization, and oxygen on the long term stability in capacitive de-ionization processes

Cited by 146 publications

References 30 publications

Desalination with porous electrodes : Mechanisms of ion transport and adsorption

Desalination with porous electrodes : Mechanisms of ion transport and adsorption

Rapid Inversion of Surface Charges in Heteroatom‐Doped Porous Carbon: A Route to Robust Electrochemical Desalination

Electrocapacitive Deionization: Mechanisms, Electrodes, and Cell Designs

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