The effect of the addition of heat from a powerplant on the thermal structure and evaporation of Lake Colorado City, Texas

Harbeck, G. Earl; Koberg, G.E.; Hughes, G.H.

doi:10.3133/pp272b

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The water balance only balanced through the use of precipitation estimates that were known to be low, unmeasured surface and groundwater inflows that were assumed to be zero, and unmeasured groundwater outflows that were assumed to be significant [Hu•lhes, 1974]. High-quality energy budget estimates for Lake Colorado City [Harbeck et al, 1959] and Lake Mead are used as a standard of comparison by Andersen and Jobson. From a superficial point of view this may seem adequate because the energy budget technique is based on the law of conservation of energy.…”

Section: The Standard Of Comparison Used By Andersen and Jobsonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of techniques for estimating annual lake evaporation using climatological data

Andersen¹,

Jobson²

1982

Water Resources Research

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Andersen and dobson [1982] have estimated mean annual evaporation for 30 lakes by using a published version [Morton, 1979] of what are now referred to as the complementary relationship lake evaporation, or CRLE, models and by using an evaporation map prepared by the U.S. Weather Service [Kohler et al., 1959]. The two estimates for each lake were compared with evaporation values that have been reported in the literature over the past 31 years. Andersen and Jobson concluded that the evaporation map provides annual evaporation estimates which are more consistent with observations than those derived from the CRLE model. However, there are two reasons why neither the comparisons nor the conclusion have any value. The first reason is that the CRLE model estimates computed by the authors are obviously in error. The second is that the basis of comparison is inadequate in that the majority of the values reported in the literature are alternative estimates and not observations. These inadequacies are discussed in more detail hereinafter. Table 2 [Andersen and dobson, 1982, p. 633] are obviously too high. This is because they used the potential evaporation outputs of the CRLE model rather than the lake evaporation outputs. When advised of this they prepared a revised version of Table 2, which is presented in the response to this discussion. Table 1 provides an evaluation of their "revised" results for 13 of the lakes. The "comparable" values are also CRLE model estimates, but the inputs are the monthly mean values of maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidities at 6-hour intervals, and ratios of observed to maximum possible sunshine duration that were published in the two volumes of Climates of the States [NOAA, 1974]. The vapor pressure was estimated to be the average of the saturation vapor pressure at the maximum temperature multiplied by the minimum of the relative humidities and the saturation vapor pressure at the minimum temperature multiplied by the maximum of the relative humidities. Table 1 shows that the difference between the revised and comparable estimates is less than 25 mm/yr for seven of the lakes and less than 70 mm/year for nine of the lakes. Such differences can be attributed to differences in input data from one set of years to another and thus indicate that the authors have used the CRLE model correctly. However the differences for the other four lakes are too large to be ignored. The difference of the 192 mm/yr between the revised and comparable estimates for Lake Okeechobee can be attributed to the use of data at different locations. Thus the revised value is based on sunshine duration records at Key West, which is approxi- The CRLE [Morton, 1979] model estimates presented by Andersen and Jobson for the last 14 lakes (symbols I to Z) in

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Section: The Standard Of Comparison Used By Andersen and Jobsonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of techniques for estimating annual lake evaporation using climatological data

Andersen¹,

Jobson²

1982

Water Resources Research

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“…During winter, slightly less than half would be dissipated through evaporation. For Lake Colorado City in Texas, Harbeck, Koberg, and Hughes (1959) found that on an annual basis the ratio of forced evaporation (evaporation due only to the addition of heat from a powerplant) to heat added was 710 acre-feet per billion kilowatthours of power. This means that for each 10°F increase in temperature of the cooling water an amount of water equal to 0.6 percent of the cooling water was evaporated.…”

Section: Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water requirements of the iron and steel industry

Walling¹,

Otts²

1967

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Electric furnace_________________________________________ Hot-rolling mills________________________________________ Other uses____________________________________________ Quantity of water used ________________________________________ Published information________________________________________ Findings of this survey_______________________________________ Sources of water.________________________________________ Gross water use_______________________________________ Intake and reuse__________________________________________ Consumption _____________________________________________ 375 Quality of water_____________________________________ 378 Quality of water required_____________________________________ 379 Quality of intake water_________________________________________ 380 Treatment of intake water____________________________________ 382 Future water requirements__________________________________________ 383 Summary_____________________________________________ 387 Selected references... __________________________________________ 390

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“…The results of the earlier studies have been published in papers by Harbeck (1953), Harbeck, Koberg, and Hughes (1959), Messinger (1963), Harbeck, Meyers, and Hughes (1966), and Harbeck (1970). These studies used the energy-budget equation derived from the Lake Hefner study (Anderson, 1954) and investigated daily-or weekly-average (long-term) thermal regimes of a few western lakes and a couple of natural streams.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%