The Effect of the Acid-Base Content of the Diet Upon the Production and Cure of Rickets with Special Reference to Citrates

Shohl, Alfred T.

doi:10.1093/jn/14.1.69

Cited by 54 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The bone ash response to 6% citric acid was of the same magnitude as that previously obtained from our laboratory with the addition of 1,450 U/kg phytase (Biehl et al, 1995). Shohl (1937) observed a 61% increase in femur ash when rats consumed Ca-and P-deficient diets supplemented with citric acid/sodium citrate. Bone Zn was also increased with increasing levels of supplemental citrate in Exp.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Over the past decade, a number of studies have shown that phytase effectively improves phytate-P utilization in poultry and swine, thereby reducing the amount of supplemental inorganic P needed in the diet. Citric acid was shown to improve phytate-P utilization in rat studies conducted many years ago (Shohl, 1937;Pileggi et al, 1956), but we found no investigations on the effects of citric acid on phytate-P utilization in poultry in the literature. Organic acids such as citric, formic, fumaric, and propionic acid have been found to be effective in improving postweaning performance of pigs fed diets adequate in available P (Giesting and Easter, 1985;Risley et al, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…A few early studies suggested that organic acids may improve phytate-phosphorus utilization in animals. A Harvard University clinical study (Shohl, 1937) revealed that dietary addition of a citric acid/sodium citrate mixture to rachitogenic diets that were deficient in Ca and(or) phosphorus (P) would prevent rick-…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of citric acid on phytate-phosphorus utilization in young chicks and pigs.

Boling

Webel

Mavromichalis

et al. 2000

Journal of Animal Science

150

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Several bioassays were conducted with young chicks and pigs fed phosphorus (P)-deficient corn-soybean meal diets. With diets for chicks containing .62% Ca and .42% P (.10% available P), graded doses of a citric acid + sodium citrate (1:1, wt:wt) mixture (0, 1, 2, 4, or 6% of diet) resulted in linear (P < .01) increases in both weight gain and tibia ash. Relative to chicks fed no citric acid, tibia ash (%) and weight gain (g/d) were increased by 43 and 22%, respectively, in chicks fed 6% citric acid. Additional chick trials showed that 6% citric acid alone or sodium citrate alone was as efficacious as the citric acid + sodium citrate mixture and that 1,450 U/kg of phytase produced a positive response in bone ash and weight gain in chicks fed a diet containing 6% citrate. Varying the Ca:available P ratio with and without citrate supplementation indicated that citric acid primarily affected phytate-P utilization, not Ca, in chicks. Moreover, chicks did not respond to citrate supplementation when fed a P-deficient (.13% available P), phytate-free casein-dextrose diet. Young pigs averaging 10 to 11 kg also were used to evaluate citric acid efficacy in two experiments. A P-deficient corn-soybean meal basal diet was used to construct five treatment diets that contained 1) no additive, 2) 3% citric acid, 3) 6% citric acid, 4) 1,450 U/kg phytase, and 5) 6% citric acid + 1,450 U/kg phytase. Phytase supplementation increased (P < .01) weight gain, gain:feed, and metatarsal ash, whereas citric acid addition increased only gain:feed (P < .05) and metatarsal ash (P < .08). A subsequent 22-d pig experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of lower levels of citric acid (0, 1, 2, or 3%) or 1,450 U/kg phytase addition to a P-deficient corn-soybean meal diet. Phytase supplementation improved (P < .01) all criteria measured. Weight gain and gain:feed data suggested a response to citric acid addition, but this was not supported by fibula ash results (P > .10). The positive responses to phytase were much greater than those to citric acid in both pig experiments. Thus, dietary citric acid effectively improved phytate P utilization in chicks but had a much smaller effect in pigs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

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The effects of citric acid on phytate-phosphorus utilization in young chicks and pigs.

Boling

Webel

Mavromichalis

et al. 2000

Journal of Animal Science

150

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“…The citrate was added as a mixture of 60% sodium citrate and 40% citric acid, which had been shown to be more effective than either the salt or the acid alone (Shohl, 1937;Hathaway & Meyer, 1939).…”

Section: Effect Of Citrate On Phytase and Bone Ashmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of phytate and other dietary factors on intestinal phytase and bone calcification in the rat

Roberts

Yudkin

1961

Br J Nutr

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The work described here began as an extension of our previous studies on enzyme induction. We were interested to see whether an increase in dietary phytate resulted in an increase in intestinal phytase. This question is of particular interest in relation to the effects of diets rich in phytate on calcium absorption in man. Walker, Fox & Irving (1948), amongst others, have claimed that an increase in dietary phytate produces only a temporary loss of Ca from the body; after a few weeks, Ca begins to be retained again. One way in which this adaptation could occur would be by an increased destruction of phytate, caused by an increased amount of phytase evoked by the increased dietary phytate.There is a great deal of published work on phytate and on plant phytases, but little on intestinal phytase. This enzyme was first reliably demonstrated in rats by Patwardhan (1937). Some 1955). In all instances, vitamin D increased the amount of intestinal phytase, but there was no evident relationship between enzyme activity and the severity of rickets when the rats were given rachitogenic diets. Pileggi, De Luca, Cramer & Steenbock (1956) showed that the addition of citrate to the diet reduced the amount of intestinal phytase.Thus, although we were chiefly concerned with the effects of dietary phytate on the amount of intestinal phytase, we extended our study to cover the effects of other dietary factors such as vitamin D and Ca. Since these all affect bone calcification, we included measurements of bone ash in most of our experiments. EXPERIMENTAL A N D RESULTS AnimalsHooded rats of the Lister strain were used. They were weaned at 23 days and given ground stock diet and milk for 24 h. From 24 days onwards they were fed on the experimental diets. For some of the preliminary experiments, and for the experiments on the induction and healing of rickets, the animals were kept on sawdust, six to eight Vitamin A (120 i.u.) and vitamin I ( (menaphthone, 800 pg), dissolved in 80 mg arachis oil, were given weekly and also, on a different day, a-tocopherol (I mg in 15 mg arachis oil). The different experimental diets are described with the different experiments. Measurements of bone ashThe method of Hume (1922) was used. The femur, tibia and fibula of the right leg were cleansed of all adhering tissue and dried at 100" overnight. They were tied in a silk bag and extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus for 7 h with a mixture of equal parts of industrial ethyl alcohol and light petroleum (b.p. 40"-60"). The bones were dried and weighed, and then ashed at 650" for 2 h. Measurement of intestinal phytaseEach animal was killed by a blow at the back of the neck. The whole of the small intestine was removed and the proximal 12 in. cut off from the remainder. Patwardhan (1937) and Spitzer & Phillips (1945) had used the whole of the intestine. However, the concentration of several enzymes is higher in the proximal part than in the distal part (Heyman, 1930; Laskowski, 1937), which is also true of phytase (Steenbock et al. 1953). We have found phytase...

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“…The first report, in the relevant literature, on administration of CA to animal diets was Shohl (1937), showed that rickets was prevented in rats fed a CA-/sodium citrate-supplemented diet deficient in Ca and P. The data lay dormant for almost 20 years until Pileggi et al (1956) examined the effects of dietary organic acids in rats and showed that some compounds resulted in better performance while others had no positive effect. During the last 50 years, an increasing number of reports on the use of organic acids have appeared in the literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acidic stress caused by dietary administration of citric acid in broiler chickens

Nourmohammadi

Khosravinia

2015

Arch. Anim. Breed.

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Abstract. Citric acid (CA) is commonly used in poultry diets to promote growth by acidifying the gastrointestinal contents, improving nutrient digestibility, and reducing pathogen loads; therefore, this study was conducted to demonstrate the effects of 0, 30 and 60 g of CA per kilogramme of diet on productive performance, selected blood metabolites, immune response and certain gut-related variables in broiler chickens using 150, 7-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks in five replicates of 10 birds each per diet. Growth performance, daily feed intake and tibia phosphorous (P) retention were significantly improved by the diets containing 30 g kg −1 of CA (P < 0.01) but were suppressed as CA increased to 60 g kg −1 . Dietary CA increased proventriculus, gizzard and ileum percentage and villus length, crypt depth and goblet cell number in duodenum, jejunum and ileum as well as ileal digestibility of crude protein, apparent metabolisable energy and total phosphorus while it decreased the pH of contents in the gut segments concerned (P < 0.01). Diets containing 60 g kg −1 of CA significantly reduced plasma P and Fe levels as well as cholesterol level and Alkaline phosphatase activity (P < 0.05) while increasing the aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities (P < 0.01) in the blood serum of the birds at day 42 of age. The percentage of bursa and thymus was greater in the birds fed on diets containing 60 and 30 g kg −1 of CA, respectively (P < 0.01). It was concluded that inclusion of 60 g kg −1 of CA in the diet resulted in a severe reduction in performance, nutrient digestion and absorption and liver dysfunctions in broiler chickens, a phenomenon we call as acidic stress.

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The Effect of the Acid-Base Content of the Diet Upon the Production and Cure of Rickets with Special Reference to Citrates

Cited by 54 publications

References 23 publications

The effects of citric acid on phytate-phosphorus utilization in young chicks and pigs.

The effects of citric acid on phytate-phosphorus utilization in young chicks and pigs.

Effect of phytate and other dietary factors on intestinal phytase and bone calcification in the rat

Acidic stress caused by dietary administration of citric acid in broiler chickens

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