Consumers are increasingly exposed to simultaneous auditory and visual stimulation in retail environments. Consistently, there is rising practitioner interest in how to interact the visual appearance of products and packaging with music sounds. This study addresses the intriguing question whether music systematically changes how people like what they see. We propose a cross-modal homeostasis effect that explains how music changes the inverted-U relationship between the perceived complexity of visuals and how much people like them. We show that the presence of music (irrespective of its complexity) shifts the optimal level of visual complexity towards liking of relatively simple visuals. Thus, while the mere presence of music decreases consumers' liking of complex visuals, it increases their liking of simpler visuals. Given the omnipresence of background music across business environments, the results have important implications, as music can have unexpected cross-modal consequences for the evaluation of visuals.background music, cross-modal effects, multisensory experiences, sensory homeostasis, visual art, visual complexity, visual design, visual images
| INTRODUCTIONConsumers shopping in a retail environment are bombarded with stimuli across all senses. For example, while using their eyes to visually inspect products, their ears may hear the background music that is playing in the store. In this article, we investigate the novel question how visual and auditory stimuli interact. Specifically: Does music systematically change how consumers like what they see-that is, do they evaluate visually simple and complex images differently, depending on presence or absence of music? If this is the case, background music could have unexpected consequences that marketers need to consider in their actions.The marketing literature has a rich research tradition dealing with how consumers perceive and evaluate visual designs (Jaud & Melnyk, 2020;Orth & Crouch, 2014). However, this literature appears incomplete as it does not consider the role of auditory inputs, in particular the effect of music that is prevalent in retail settings. This gap is especially timely, given the emergence of audio branding and rising practitioner interest in how to supplement the visual appearance of brand elements (e.g., logos) and products with music sounds (Hayzlett, 2014).Retailers and other service providers spend considerable amounts of money on background music (Mood 2017). Actually, 79% of small retailers believe that ceasing to play music would negatively impact their store's atmosphere (Musicworksforyou, 2017). Consistently, background music has been shown to enhance mood and store atmosphere, resulting in more time or money spent in the corresponding environment (Garlin & Owen, 2006;Spence et al., 2014). Further, music also impacts retrieval and enhances memory (Yalch, 1991), which in turn influence product choices (North & This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License,...