The effect of synthesis modifications on the lithium cobalt oxide using commercial precursors

Lahtinen, Katja; Rauhala, Taina; Räsänen, Samuli; Rautama, Eeva‐Leena; Kallio, Tanja

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135012

Cited by 8 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…For the formatted samples, the a parameter is slightly larger and the c parameter smaller for SÀ LCO compared to DÀ LCO in both the observed phases. A plausible explanation for the difference is the size of the dopants, [49,[52][53][54] and the pristine structure of the materials is presented in more detail in our previous work. [49] During the aging, changes occur in the lattices of the materials.…”

Section: Characterization Of the Aged And Re-lithiated Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…A plausible explanation for the difference is the size of the dopants, [49,[52][53][54] and the pristine structure of the materials is presented in more detail in our previous work. [49] During the aging, changes occur in the lattices of the materials. The c parameters of both the phases increase for the stoichiometric and doped material except for the SÀ LCO sample aged to 90 %.…”

Section: Characterization Of the Aged And Re-lithiated Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The LiCoO 2 /graphite pouch cells were aged to two different state of health (SOH) values of 90 and 70 % in the voltage range of 3.0-4.4 V. Typically, capacity loss to SOH 80 % is considered as the end-of-the-life criteria for Li-ion batteries. These investigated pouch cells have earlier been shown to provide long cycle life in the voltage range of 3.0-4.2 V. [49] For this study, the relatively high upper voltage limit of 4.4 V was chosen to provide information in an industrially relevant voltage range, and the relative capacity loss of the investigated materials during the cycling is presented in Figure S1 The chemical composition, structure, and morphology of the original, aged, and electrochemically re-lithiated LCO electrodes were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The compositions of the original LCOs provided by the material manufacturer are presented in Table S1 in the Supporting information.…”

Section: Characterization Of the Aged And Re-lithiated Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The Li/Co ratio is observed to be slightly below 1 for both the investigated materials, most likely due to Li loss during synthesis. [49] DÀ LCO is observed to contain 0.5 mol% of Mg and 0.2 mol% of Ti.…”

Section: Characterization Of the Aged And Re-lithiated Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reuse of LiCoO₂ Electrodes Collected from Spent Li‐Ion Batteries after Electrochemical Re‐Lithiation of the Electrode

et al. 2021

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The recycling of used Li-ion batteries is important as the consumption of batteries is increasing every year. However, the recycling of electrode materials is tedious and energy intensive with current methods, and part of the material is lost in the process. In this study, an alternative recycling method is presented to minimize the number of steps needed in the positive electrode recovery process. The electrochemical performance of aged and re-lithiated MgÀ Ti-doped LiCoO 2 and stoichiometric LiCoO 2 was investigated and compared. The results showed that after re-lithiation the structure of original LiCoO 2 was restored, the capacity of an aged LiCoO 2 reverted close to the capacity of a fresh LiCoO 2 , and the material could thus be recovered. The re-lithiated MgÀ Ti-doped LiCoO 2 provided rate capability properties only slightly declined from the rate capability of a fresh material and showed promising cyclability in half-cells. trated acids, which easily generates large amounts of waste solutions. Pyrometallurgy-based methods have a high efficiency and they are easy to scale up. [16,17] On the other hand, the high temperatures needed in the processes lead to high energy consumption and emissions. In addition, the recovery of lithium is difficult. [7,17] Biometallurgy-based methods utilize bacteria to extract metals from the spent lithium-ion batteries. [18,19] The methods are usually quite inexpensive, but as a downside the extraction processes are slow. [20] Lithium-ion batteries can be recycled either by processing the whole battery, [21][22][23][24] or dismantling the cells before starting the recovery process. [5,6,9,12,14,19,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31] The latter has been more popular in the literature, but the dismantling can be a laborious process without proper equipment. One could argue that this method is not easy to scale-up for industrial purposes. However, for example Nan et al. [12] reported about 5000 spent cells dismantled in 1 h, which indicates that scaling up should be possible. The advantage of recycling a whole lithium-ion battery is that the possibly challenging dismantling process is skipped, and thus one process step is reduced. However, having all the battery components in the same material flow initially can increase the amount of impurities in the final product. Additional process steps might be necessary to reduce the impurity concentrations in the recycled material. [24] Even if most of the elements are recovered with the above-mentioned methods, the typical layered structure of the metal oxide intercalation compounds is almost certainly lost, and the material downgraded. Typically, the positive electrode materials are reduced to more low-value chemicals, such as CoSO 4 , [4,12,23,24,31] Co-(OH) 2 , [5,9,32] CoCO 3 , [8,22] and Li 2 CO 3 , [4,9,12,24,31,32] during the recycling process. To synthesize these compounds back to Li-ion battery electrode materials requires energy. Therefore, if the structure of the original electrode material can be spared during the recycling process,...

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Section: Characterization Of the Aged And Re-lithiated Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Characterization Of the Aged And Re-lithiated Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Characterization Of the Aged And Re-lithiated Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Characterization Of the Aged And Re-lithiated Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Reuse of LiCoO₂ Electrodes Collected from Spent Li‐Ion Batteries after Electrochemical Re‐Lithiation of the Electrode

et al. 2021

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“…Mitigating the issues with LCO at high potentials has attracted a lot of research interest and helped to improve the stability of LCO using surface modifications, including coatings, [ 14–18 ] and doping with a variety of elemental compositions. [ 18–20 ] Today, these efforts have led to LCO having the largest market share in terms of battery use for mobile consumer applications. [ 2,4 ] Besides offering high cycling stability for mobile consumer applications, another requirement for LIBs utilized in smartphones and other portable electronic devices is the capability of fast‐charging, without compromising cycle life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of Model‐Based Protective Fast‐Charging and Associated Degradation in Commercial Smartphone Cells: Insights on Cathode Degradation as a Result of Lithium Depositions on the Anode

Besli

Subbaraman

Safaei

et al. 2021

Advanced Energy Materials

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mainly due to the steep material development progress in the last 20 years and the resulting long cycle life (>1000 cycles), [3,4] which is especially crucial for devices charged at least one to two times a day. [5-7] However, despite its high theoretical capacity of 274 mAh g −1 , LCO only delivers a useable specific capacity of about 140 mAh g −1 at an upper cutoff voltage of 4.2 V (vs Li/Li +). [8-10] Hence, charging to higher cell cutoff potentials of 4.2-4.5 V has been a way to achieve higher specific energy. [11] However, at potentials above 4.5 V (x = 0.28), LCO shows a fast capacity fade, mainly due to instability of the layered structure and deleterious phase transition. [11,12] Cobalt dissolution, [9] oxygen loss, [13] and side reactions with the electrolyte [9] have also been shown to decrease lifetimes when cells are repeatedly charged to high potentials. Mitigating the issues with LCO at high potentials has attracted a lot of research interest and helped to improve the stability of LCO using surface modifications, including coatings, [14-18] and doping with a variety of elemental compositions. [18-20] Today, these efforts have led to LCO having the largest market share in terms of battery use for mobile consumer applications. [2,4] Besides offering high cycling stability for mobile consumer applications, another The ever expanding mobile consumer electronic market has accelerated the need for safe and efficient fast-charging approaches that improve the overall speed of battery charging without hastened deterioration of the battery performance. Herein, the impact of a resource inexpensive, physics-based, electrochemically optimized fast-charging algorithm (charging time < 2 h) for mobile devices is investigated. A critical difference in the amount and morphology of lithium deposits on the anode for cells fast-charged without an optimized algorithm is observed and found to be the main cause of capacity decay. An in-depth study of the LiCoO 2 cathode regions opposite to pronounced lithium deposits on the anode reveals a "mirroring" phenomenon, i.e., a frozen monoclinic phase, and inactivity to relithiation. In operando hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals that degraded spots on harvested cathodes seem to be activated again and participate in the intercalation process when lithiated at low rates from lithium foil counter electrodes. On the other hand, tests at higher Crates , closer to the actual fast-charging rate, reveal only negligible oxidation state changes and therefore poor performance.

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An effective dysprosium modification to enhance the structural stability and diffusion kinetics of LiCoO2 at high-voltage

Hao

Liu

et al. 2022

Journal of Alloys and Compounds

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The effect of synthesis modifications on the lithium cobalt oxide using commercial precursors

Cited by 8 publications

References 56 publications

Reuse of LiCoO₂ Electrodes Collected from Spent Li‐Ion Batteries after Electrochemical Re‐Lithiation of the Electrode

Reuse of LiCoO₂ Electrodes Collected from Spent Li‐Ion Batteries after Electrochemical Re‐Lithiation of the Electrode

A Study of Model‐Based Protective Fast‐Charging and Associated Degradation in Commercial Smartphone Cells: Insights on Cathode Degradation as a Result of Lithium Depositions on the Anode

An effective dysprosium modification to enhance the structural stability and diffusion kinetics of LiCoO2 at high-voltage

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The effect of synthesis modifications on the lithium cobalt oxide using commercial precursors

Cited by 8 publications

References 56 publications

Reuse of LiCoO2 Electrodes Collected from Spent Li‐Ion Batteries after Electrochemical Re‐Lithiation of the Electrode

Reuse of LiCoO2 Electrodes Collected from Spent Li‐Ion Batteries after Electrochemical Re‐Lithiation of the Electrode

A Study of Model‐Based Protective Fast‐Charging and Associated Degradation in Commercial Smartphone Cells: Insights on Cathode Degradation as a Result of Lithium Depositions on the Anode

An effective dysprosium modification to enhance the structural stability and diffusion kinetics of LiCoO2 at high-voltage

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Product

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About

Reuse of LiCoO₂ Electrodes Collected from Spent Li‐Ion Batteries after Electrochemical Re‐Lithiation of the Electrode

Reuse of LiCoO₂ Electrodes Collected from Spent Li‐Ion Batteries after Electrochemical Re‐Lithiation of the Electrode