The Effect of Super Volcanic Eruptions on Ozone Depletion in a Chemistry-Climate Model

Xu, Lujun; Wei, Ke; Wu, Xue; Smyshlyaev, S. P.; Chen, Wen; Galin, V. Ya.

doi:10.1007/s00376-019-8241-8

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…During the initial eruption, the higher SO 2 concentration affected the TCO (due to chemical reaction with atmospheric chlorine). Similar results were also observed with volcanic eruptions elsewhere [8,[73][74][75]. Variations of SO 2 concentrations over Box 1-3 are related to the amount of SO 2 emissions, thus, showing corresponding variations in TCO (Figure 10a).…”

Section: Ozonesupporting

confidence: 82%

“…After the Taal eruption on 12 January 2020, a peak in SO2 injection in the planetary boundary layer is observed, which shows increasing values in TCO with strong variability corresponding to SO2 emissions from the Taal volcano, which appear to decline as SO2 emissions cease. Such emissions of SO2 have a long term impact showing a decline in TCO (TCO appears to decline after 31 January 2020, which is also observed in the case of other volcanic eruptions) [8,[73][74][75].…”

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confidence: 75%

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Changes in Atmospheric, Meteorological, and Ocean Parameters Associated with the 12 January 2020 Taal Volcanic Eruption

et al. 2020

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The Taal volcano erupted on 12 January 2020, the first time since 1977. About 35 mild earthquakes (magnitude greater than 4.0) were observed on 12 January 2020 induced from the eruption. In the present paper, we analyzed optical properties of volcanic aerosols, volcanic gas emission, ocean parameters using multi-satellite sensors, namely, MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder), OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument), TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) and ground observations, namely, Argo, and AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) data. Our detailed analysis shows pronounced changes in all the parameters, which mainly occurred in the western and south-western regions because the airmass of the Taal volcano spreads westward according to the analysis of airmass trajectories and wind directions. The presence of finer particles has been observed by analyzing aerosol properties that can be attributed to the volcanic plume after the eruption. We have also observed an enhancement in SO2, CO, and water vapor, and a decrease in Ozone after a few days of the eruption. The unusual variations in salinity, sea temperature, and surface latent heat flux have been observed as a result of the ash from the Taal volcano in the south-west and south-east over the ocean. Our results demonstrate that the observations combining satellite with ground data could provide important information about the changes in the atmosphere, meteorology, and ocean parameters associated with the Taal volcanic eruption.

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Section: Ozonesupporting

confidence: 82%

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confidence: 75%

Changes in Atmospheric, Meteorological, and Ocean Parameters Associated with the 12 January 2020 Taal Volcanic Eruption

et al. 2020

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“…Such low tech farms mainly consist of ropes, held in place by anchors and buoys. In addition, a nuclear conflict and large volcanic eruptions might lead to a higher intensity of UV radiation at the Earth's surface, as the ozone layer could be depleted (Bardeen et al., 2021; Mills et al., 2008; Xu et al., 2019). In contrast to land‐based agriculture, seaweed is partly shielded from this by the water it grows in.…”

Section: Why Seaweed?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Seaweed as a Resilient Food Solution After a Nuclear War

Jehn,

Dingal,

Mill

et al. 2024

Earth's Future

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Abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios such as a nuclear winter caused by the burning of cities in a nuclear war, an asteroid/comet impact or an eruption of a large volcano inject large amounts of particles in the atmosphere, which limit sunlight. This could decimate agriculture as it is practiced today. We therefore need resilient food sources for such an event. One promising candidate is seaweed, as it can grow quickly in a wide range of environmental conditions. To explore the feasibility of seaweed after nuclear war, we simulate the growth of seaweed on a global scale using an empirical model based on Gracilaria tikvahiae forced by nuclear winter climate simulations. We assess how quickly global seaweed production could be scaled to provide a significant fraction of global food demand. We find seaweed can be grown in tropical oceans, even after nuclear war. The simulated growth is high enough to allow a scale up to an equivalent of 45% of the global human food demand (spread among food, animal feed, and biofuels) in around 9–14 months, while only using a small fraction of the global ocean area. The main limiting factor being the speed at which new seaweed farms can be built. The results also show that the growth of seaweed increases with the severity of the nuclear war, as more nutrients become available due to increased vertical mixing. This means that seaweed has the potential to be a viable resilient food source for abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios.

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“…The duration of the climatic cooling may be extended due to feedback loops of ocean cooling and ocean and land ice formations further cooling the atmosphere by reflecting sunlight (Rampino and Self 1992 , 1993 ). 4 Super-volcanic eruptions also appear to have a negative effect on the ozone layer, increasing the amount of life-endangering ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth’s surface (Xu et al 2019 ; Kutterolf et al 2013 ).…”

Section: Super-volcanoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Four New Horsemen of an Apocalypse? Solar Flares, Super-volcanoes, Pandemics, and Artificial Intelligence

Uher

2022

EconDisCliCha

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If economists have largely failed to predict or prevent the Global Financial Crisis in 2008, and the more disastrous economic collapse associated with the pandemic of 2020, what else is the profession missing? This is the question that motivates this survey. Specifically, we want to highlight four catastrophic risks – i.e., risks that can potentially result in global catastrophes of a much larger magnitude than either of the 2008 or 2020 events. The four risks we examine here are: Space weather and solar flares, super-volcanic eruptions, high-mortality pandemics, and misaligned artificial intelligence. All four have a non-trivial probability of occurring and all four can lead to a catastrophe, possibly not very different from human extinction. Inevitably, and fortunately, these catastrophic events have not yet occurred, so the literature investigating them is by necessity more speculative and less grounded in empirical observations. Nevertheless, that does not make these risks any less real. This survey is motivated by the belief that economists can and should be thinking about these risks more systematically, so that we can devise the appropriate ways to prevent them or ameliorate their potential impacts.

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The Effect of Super Volcanic Eruptions on Ozone Depletion in a Chemistry-Climate Model

Cited by 10 publications

References 94 publications

Changes in Atmospheric, Meteorological, and Ocean Parameters Associated with the 12 January 2020 Taal Volcanic Eruption

Changes in Atmospheric, Meteorological, and Ocean Parameters Associated with the 12 January 2020 Taal Volcanic Eruption

Seaweed as a Resilient Food Solution After a Nuclear War

Four New Horsemen of an Apocalypse? Solar Flares, Super-volcanoes, Pandemics, and Artificial Intelligence

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