The effect of sunlight on allergen release from spores of the fungus<i>Alternaria</i>

Mitakakis, Teresa; O'Meara, T.J.; Tovey, Euan R.

doi:10.1080/00173130310008571

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This was in accordance with results from Rotem et al (1995), who showed that solar radiation directly reduced the survival of Alternaria spores [92]. Mitakakis et al (2003) further explored whether the exposure to sunlight also affected the allergen releasing capacity of spores [91].…”

Section: Exposure To Lightsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In nature, the exposure to sunlight has a strong effect on the viability of airborne spores [91][92][93][94]. It was, for example, shown by Mitakakis et al (2003) that a prolonged exposure to sunlight reduced the metabolic activity and germinability of A. alternata spores [91]. This was in accordance with results from Rotem et al (1995), who showed that solar radiation directly reduced the survival of Alternaria spores [92].…”

Section: Exposure To Lightsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Therefore, spores, alongside fragmented mycelia, are also the cells with which allergic individuals get into contact with and which are regarded as the main source of fungal allergens [7]. In nature, the exposure to sunlight has a strong effect on the viability of airborne spores [91][92][93][94]. It was, for example, shown by Mitakakis et al (2003) that a prolonged exposure to sunlight reduced the metabolic activity and germinability of A. alternata spores [91].…”

Section: Exposure To Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Problems Encountered Using Fungal Extracts as Test Solutions for Fungal Allergy Diagnosis

Pfeiffer,

Swoboda

2023

JoF

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Fungal allergy is a worldwide public health burden, and problems associated with a reliable allergy diagnosis are far from being solved. Especially, the lack of high-quality standardized fungal extracts contributes to the underdiagnosis of fungal allergy. Compared to the manufacturing processes of extracts from other allergen sources, the processes used to manufacture extracts from fungi show the highest variability. The reasons for the high variability are manifold as the starting material, the growth conditions, the protein extraction methods, and the storage conditions all have an influence on the presence and quantity of individual allergens. Despite the vast variety of studies that have analyzed the impact of the different production steps on the allergenicity of fungal allergen extracts, much remains unknown. This review points to the need for further research in the field of fungal allergology, for standardization and for generally accepted guidelines on the preparation of fungal allergen extracts. In particular, the standardization of fungal extracts has been and will continue to be difficult, but it will be crucial for improving allergy diagnosis and therapy.

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Section: Exposure To Lightsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Exposure To Lightsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Exposure To Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Problems Encountered Using Fungal Extracts as Test Solutions for Fungal Allergy Diagnosis

Pfeiffer,

Swoboda

2023

JoF

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“…However, the effect on fungi is not well documented. Tests with simulated solar disinfection successfully lowered the number of the species Alternaria alternata , Fusarium equiseti , F. oxysporum , F. solani , F. verticillioides and Candida albicans in water samples [92,93,94,95], while fungi with melanised cell walls were less susceptible [2]. The effect of solar UV-radiation varies with the time of the day, is lower during cloudy days, in large volumes of water, and in water with high contents of organic matter with increased turbidity [95,96].…”

Section: Fungi and Water—background Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Contaminants in Drinking Water Regulation? A Tale of Ecology, Exposure, Purification and Clinical Relevance

Babič

Gunde‐Cimerman

Vargha

et al. 2017

IJERPH

127

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Microbiological drinking water safety is traditionally monitored mainly by bacterial parameters that indicate faecal contamination. These parameters correlate with gastro-intestinal illness, despite the fact that viral agents, resulting from faecal contamination, are usually the cause. This leaves behind microbes that can cause illness other than gastro-intestinal and several emerging pathogens, disregarding non-endemic microbial contaminants and those with recent pathogenic activity reported. This white paper focuses on one group of contaminants known to cause allergies, opportunistic infections and intoxications: Fungi. It presents a review on their occurrence, ecology and physiology. Additionally, factors contributing to their presence in water distribution systems, as well as their effect on water quality are discussed. Presence of opportunistic and pathogenic fungi in drinking water can pose a health risk to consumers due to daily contact with water, via several exposure points, such as drinking and showering. The clinical relevance and influence on human health of the most common fungal contaminants in drinking water is discussed. Our goal with this paper is to place fungal contaminants on the roadmap of evidence based and emerging threats for drinking water quality safety regulations.

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“…Knowledge regarding viability is important as some fungal species, such as Aspergillus fumigatus, are able to induce a higher immune response in test animals challenged with viable conidia compared with non-viable conidia [13,14]. In contrast, non-viable spores from some fungal genera such as those from the genera Alternaria and Cladosporium, cause a similar immune response to viable spores [15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Respiratory Deposition and Species Composition of Airborne Culturable, Viable, and Non-Viable Fungi during Occupancy in a Pig Farm

2020

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Fungal species composition and site of deposition within the airways affects whether diseases develop and where they may arise. The aim of this study is to obtain knowledge regarding the potential deposition of airborne culturable, viable, and non-viable fungi in the airways of pig farm workers, and how this composition changes over multiple sampling days. Airborne fungi were sampled using impactors and subsequently analyzed using amplicon sequencing and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) fingerprinting. The geometric mean aerodynamic diameter (Dg) of airborne particles with culturable airborne fungi were not affected by sampling days and ranged in size between 3.7 and 4.6 µm. Amplicon sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA gene operon, in combination with DNA interchelating agents, revealed a large presence of non-viable fungi, but several pathogenic and toxic fungal species were detected in the viable portion. The diversity was found to be significantly associated with the sampling day but did not change significantly over multiple sampling rounds during the same day. The non-viable fraction contained genera typically associated with the pig gastrointestinal tract, such as Kazachstania and Vishniacozyma. In conclusion, the Dg of culturable fungi was between 3.7 and 4.6 µm, and the Dg of the viable and total fungi was 1.5 and 2.1 µm, respectively. The species composition changed over the multiple sampling days.

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The effect of sunlight on allergen release from spores of the fungusAlternaria

Cited by 19 publications

References 26 publications

Problems Encountered Using Fungal Extracts as Test Solutions for Fungal Allergy Diagnosis

Problems Encountered Using Fungal Extracts as Test Solutions for Fungal Allergy Diagnosis

Fungal Contaminants in Drinking Water Regulation? A Tale of Ecology, Exposure, Purification and Clinical Relevance

Potential Respiratory Deposition and Species Composition of Airborne Culturable, Viable, and Non-Viable Fungi during Occupancy in a Pig Farm

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