The effect of stress on the immune response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed diets containing different amounts of vitamin C

Thompson, Ian; White, Ann; Fletcher, Thelma C.; Houlihan, D.F.; Secombes, Chris J.

doi:10.1016/0044-8486(93)90246-u

Cited by 121 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Cortisol is a key corticosteroid hormone for homeostatic response to stress in all vertebrates, through its effects on metabolism and immune function (Hontela 1997, Wendelaar Bonga 1997 as well as the osmoregulation process (Wendelaar Bonga 1997). Thus, the increase in plasma cortisol levels is regarded as the most reliable method for differentiating between stressed and non-stressed fish (Thompson et al 1993, Yin et al 1995, Rotllant & Tort 1997. Moreover, feeding relatively low levels of n-3 HUFA, although not affecting growth and feed efficiency, significantly raised plasma cortisol levels (Montero et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of ACTH-induced cortisol release by polyunsaturated fatty acids in interrenal cells from gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata

Ganga¹,

Tort²,

Acerete³

et al. 2006

Journal of Endocrinology

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Highly unsaturated fatty acids are essential components of cellular membranes of vertebrates and can modulate physiological processes, including membrane transport, receptor function and enzymatic activities. In gilthead sea bream, dietary deficiencies of essential fatty acids of marine fish raise the basal cortisol levels and alter the pattern of cortisol release after stress. The aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of different essential fatty acids on adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-induced cortisol production and release in fish, through in vitro studies of sea bream interrenal cells maintained in superfusion and incubated with different types of fatty acids and eicosanoid production inhibitors. Results showed the first evidence of the effect of certain fatty acids on cortisol production by ACTH-stimulated interrenal cells in fish. Both arachidonic acid (ARA) and particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) promoted cortisol production in sea bream interrenal cells. Moreover, incubation with indometacin (INDO) reduced the increased cortisol production induced by EPA and ARA, suggesting mediation by their cyclooxygenase-derived products. Docosahexaenoic acid stimulated cortisol production to a lesser extent than that caused by EPA or ARA, but the inhibitory effect of INDO was not as marked as it was for the other fatty acids. In contrast, supplementation with dihomogammalinoleic acid reduced cortisol production, denoting the inhibitor effect of this fatty acid in cortisol secretion.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of ACTH-induced cortisol release by polyunsaturated fatty acids in interrenal cells from gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata

Ganga¹,

Tort²,

Acerete³

et al. 2006

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…The deformities in spotted sorubim fingerlings were found after the second month of experiment. Fish with high specific growth rates, tend to have more symptoms of scurvy due to rapid growth, indicating higher requirements of vitamin C for the whole development (Thompson et al 1993), which may have been occurring to spoted sorubim fingerlings in this study. Other explanation for these differences in vitamin C requirement is related to different species and its level of development (Leonardo et al 2001).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Morphological deformities in the osseous structure in spotted sorubim Pseudoplatystoma coruscans (agassiz & spix, 1829) with vitamin c deficiency

Fujimoto

Santos

Carneiro

2013

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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Vitamin C is essential for fish diets because many species cannot syntethize it. This vitamin is needed for bone and cartilage formation. Moreover, it acts as antioxidant and improve the immunological system. The present work investigated the effects of vitamin C diet supplementation to spotted sorubim (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans) fingerlings by frequency of bone and cartilage deformation. Ascorbyl poliphosphate (AP) was used as source of vitamin C in the diets for spotted sorubim fingerlings during three months. Six diets were formulated: one diet control (0 mg/kg of vitamin C) and 500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000 and 2,500 mg AP/kg diets. Fishes fed without vitamin C supplementation presented bone deformation in head and jaws, and fin fragilities. Thus, 500 mg AP/kg diet was enough to prevent deformation and the lack of vitamin C supplementation worsening the development of fingerlings.

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“…These results suggest that: stressed neutrophils could be reduced their migratory ability to the inflammatory or infected site and could not engulf the microbe very well, and if the neutrophils could engulf the microbe, they could not kill the microbe. Stress is well recognized as causing damage to the immune systems of fish by compromising specific antibody production (Thompson et al, 1993), lysozyme activity (Tort et al, 1996), bactericidal complement activity (Yin et al, 1995) and natural cytotoxic cell activity (Ghoneum et al, 1988). These impaired immune systems, including the stress-induced reduced neutrophil defense activities demonstrated in this study, may play a major role in increasing susceptibility to infections and in allowing infections to spread in the stressed fish.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Social Stress Suppresses Defense Activities of Neutrophils in Tilapia.

Kurogi

Iida

1999

Fish Pathol.

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ABSTRACT--Defense activities of neutrophils in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus were investigated under the conditions of social stress. Two fish, one from the large fish group (mean weight; 143 g) and the other from the small fish group (mean weight; 91 g) were transferred into an aquarium. As a control, a large fish or a small fish was held individually in aquaria of the same size. Five such pairs were observed in this study. Within a few hours post-pairing, the large fish became dominant in all pairs tested, and charged, chased and rammed the subordinate small fish. The cortisol and glucose concentrations in the plasma of the subordinates were significantly higher than those of the dominants and the controls, indicating that the subordinates were stressed.The swim bladders of both fish were injected with formalin-killed Escherichia coli cells just before pairing, and after 24 h, the neutrophils exuded into the swim bladder were collected and their defense activities measured.The number of neutrophils that migrated to the swim bladders of the subordinates was significantly decreased, and their phagocytic ability and respiratory. burst activity were both reduced. These results indicate that social stress suppresses the defense activities of neutrophils. Interestingly, the dominant fish showed high respiratory burst activity compared with the controls, indicating that slight stress may stimulate the defense activities of neutrophils.

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The effect of stress on the immune response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed diets containing different amounts of vitamin C

Cited by 121 publications

References 35 publications

Modulation of ACTH-induced cortisol release by polyunsaturated fatty acids in interrenal cells from gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata

Modulation of ACTH-induced cortisol release by polyunsaturated fatty acids in interrenal cells from gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata

Morphological deformities in the osseous structure in spotted sorubim Pseudoplatystoma coruscans (agassiz & spix, 1829) with vitamin c deficiency

Social Stress Suppresses Defense Activities of Neutrophils in Tilapia.

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