The Effect of State Motorcycle Licensing Laws on Motorcycle Driver Mortality Rates

McGwin, Gerald; Whatley, James; Metzger, Jesse; Valent, Francesca; Barbone, Fabio; Rue, Loring W.

doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000044625.16783.a9

Cited by 25 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Previous research examining the effect of certification and training on injury rates have reported similar results (7,8,9,10). The few studies focused on forestry-related certification have shown no effect on aggregate injury rates (7,8).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…The few studies focused on forestry-related certification have shown no effect on aggregate injury rates (7,8). In certification studies in other occupations or industries, the requirement for youth to be trained and certified in the operation of tractors on public roads had no effect on the rate of tractor crashes in the agricultural industry (9) and a commercial driver-licensing program found no effect on traffic accidents (10). The results from this study suggest that training and, in particular, certification through the demonstration of safe-work practices may not be sufficient to reduce injury risk among an experienced workforce.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many jurisdictions have regulations governing safe-work practices and training for occupations in the forestry sector to mitigate injury risks. Previous research examining the effect of certification and training on injury rates report mixed results (7,8,9,10). The few studies focused on forestry-related certification have shown no effect on aggregate injury rates (7,8).…”

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confidence: 87%

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Prevention in dangerous industries: does safety certification prevent tree-faller injuries?

McLeod¹,

Sarkany²,

Davies³

et al. 2015

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 87%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Prevention in dangerous industries: does safety certification prevent tree-faller injuries?

McLeod¹,

Sarkany²,

Davies³

et al. 2015

Scand J Work Environ Health

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“…An association has been reported between the existence of specific motorcycle driver licensing policies and lower mortality rates. 9 Lower rates have been observed in states requiring any of the following before issuance of a motorcycle permit: a test of motorcycle driving skills (RR: 0. One limitation of our study is that good mobility denominators, such as the total kilometers travelled by motorcycles, were not available.…”

Section: Research Motorcycle Driving Requirements and Traffic Injuriementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar laws had previously been passed in other European countries, but no studies of their effect have been published except for one from 1997-1999 that looked for an association between motorcycle licensing laws and mortality rates. 9 The authors found that licensing requirements specifically for motorcycle drivers (such as a road test, driver education, or the use of a full helmet) were associated with lower mortality rates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Road injuries and relaxed licensing requirements for driving light motorcycles in Spain: a time-series analysis

Pérez

Marí-Dell’Olmo

Borrell

et al. 2009

Bull World Health Org

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Objective To assess differences between the risk of injury for motorcycle riders before and after the passing of a law allowing licenced car drivers to drive light motorcycles without having to take a special motorcycle driving test. Methods We carried out a quasi-experimental study involving comparison groups, and a time-series analysis from 1 January 2002 to 30 April 2008. The study group was composed of people injured while driving or riding a light motorcycle (engine capacity 51-125 cubic centimetres), while the comparison groups consisted of riders of heavy motorcycles (engine capacity > 125 cc), mopeds (engine capacity £ 50 cc) or cars who were injured in a collision within the city limits. The "intervention" was a law passed in October 2004 allowing car drivers to drive light motorcycles without taking a special driving test. To detect and quantify changes over time we used Poisson regression, with adjustments for trend and seasonality in road injuries and the existence of a driver's licence penalty point system. Findings The risk of injury among light motorcycle riders was greater after the law than before (relative risk, RR = 1.46; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.34-1.60). Although less markedly, after the law the risk of injury also increased among heavy motorcycle drivers (RR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.02-1.29) but remained unchanged among riders of mopeds (RR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.83-1.01) and cars (RR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.97-1.16). Conclusion Allowing car drivers to drive motorcycles without passing a special test increases the number of road injuries from motorcycle accidents.Une traduction en français de ce résumé figure à la fin de l'article. Al final del artículo se facilita una traducción al español. ‫املقالة.‬ ‫لهذه‬ ‫الكامل‬ ‫النص‬ ‫نهاية‬ ‫يف‬ ‫الخالصة‬ ‫لهذه‬ ‫العربية‬ ‫الرتجمة‬

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Effectiveness of road safety interventions: An evidence and gap map

Goel,

Tiwari,

Varghese

et al. 2024

Campbell Systematic Reviews

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BackgroundRoad Traffic injuries (RTI) are among the top ten leading causes of death in the world resulting in 1.35 million deaths every year, about 93% of which occur in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Despite several global resolutions to reduce traffic injuries, they have continued to grow in many countries. Many high‐income countries have successfully reduced RTI by using a public health approach and implementing evidence‐based interventions. As many LMICs develop their highway infrastructure, adopting a similar scientific approach towards road safety is crucial. The evidence also needs to be evaluated to assess external validity because measures that have worked in high‐income countries may not translate equally well to other contexts. An evidence gap map for RTI is the first step towards understanding what evidence is available, from where, and the key gaps in knowledge.ObjectivesThe objective of this evidence gap map (EGM) is to identify existing evidence from all effectiveness studies and systematic reviews related to road safety interventions. In addition, the EGM identifies gaps in evidence where new primary studies and systematic reviews could add value. This will help direct future research and discussions based on systematic evidence towards the approaches and interventions which are most effective in the road safety sector. This could enable the generation of evidence for informing policy at global, regional or national levels.Search MethodsThe EGM includes systematic reviews and impact evaluations assessing the effect of interventions for RTI reported in academic databases, organization websites, and grey literature sources. The studies were searched up to December 2019.Selection CriteriaThe interventions were divided into five broad categories: (a) human factors (e.g., enforcement or road user education), (b) road design, infrastructure and traffic control, (c) legal and institutional framework, (d) post‐crash pre‐hospital care, and (e) vehicle factors (except car design for occupant protection) and protective devices. Included studies reported two primary outcomes: fatal crashes and non‐fatal injury crashes; and four intermediate outcomes: change in use of seat belts, change in use of helmets, change in speed, and change in alcohol/drug use. Studies were excluded if they did not report injury or fatality as one of the outcomes.Data Collection and AnalysisThe EGM is presented in the form of a matrix with two primary dimensions: interventions (rows) and outcomes (columns). Additional dimensions are country income groups, region, quality level for systematic reviews, type of study design used (e.g., case‐control), type of road user studied (e.g., pedestrian, cyclists), age groups, and road type. The EGM is available online where the matrix of interventions and outcomes can be filtered by one or more dimensions. The webpage includes a bibliography of the selected studies and titles and abstracts available for preview. Quality appraisal for systematic reviews was conducted using a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews, AMSTAR 2.Main ResultsThe EGM identified 1859 studies of which 322 were systematic reviews, 7 were protocol studies and 1530 were impact evaluations. Some studies included more than one intervention, outcome, study method, or study region. The studies were distributed among intervention categories as: human factors (n = 771), road design, infrastructure and traffic control (n = 661), legal and institutional framework (n = 424), post‐crash pre‐hospital care (n = 118) and vehicle factors and protective devices (n = 111). Fatal crashes as outcomes were reported in 1414 records and non‐fatal injury crashes in 1252 records. Among the four intermediate outcomes, speed was most commonly reported (n = 298) followed by alcohol (n = 206), use of seatbelts (n = 167), and use of helmets (n = 66). Ninety‐six percent of the studies were reported from high‐income countries (HIC), 4.5% from upper‐middle‐income countries, and only 1.4% from lower‐middle and low‐income countries. There were 25 systematic reviews of high quality, 4 of moderate quality, and 293 of low quality.Authors' ConclusionsThe EGM shows that the distribution of available road safety evidence is skewed across the world. A vast majority of the literature is from HICs. In contrast, only a small fraction of the literature reports on the many LMICs that are fast expanding their road infrastructure, experiencing rapid changes in traffic patterns, and witnessing growth in road injuries. This bias in literature explains why many interventions that are of high importance in the context of LMICs remain poorly studied. Besides, many interventions that have been tested only in HICs may not work equally effectively in LMICs. Another important finding was that a large majority of systematic reviews are of low quality. The scarcity of evidence on many important interventions and lack of good quality evidence‐synthesis have significant implications for future road safety research and practice in LMICs. The EGM presented here will help identify priority areas for researchers, while directing practitioners and policy makers towards proven interventions.

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The Effect of State Motorcycle Licensing Laws on Motorcycle Driver Mortality Rates

Abstract: Specific motorcycle licensure policies appear to be associated with lower mortality rates.

Cited by 25 publications

References 19 publications

Prevention in dangerous industries: does safety certification prevent tree-faller injuries?

Prevention in dangerous industries: does safety certification prevent tree-faller injuries?

Road injuries and relaxed licensing requirements for driving light motorcycles in Spain: a time-series analysis

Effectiveness of road safety interventions: An evidence and gap map

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