The Effect of Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Enterobacteriaceae on the Development of Whey Protein Levels and Oxidative Stress Markers in Cows with Diagnosed Mastitis

Abstract

Mastitis is one of the most common diseases of high-yielding dairy cows, and over 90% of cases are caused by Streptococcus spp., Enterobacteriaceae, or Staphylococcus spp. Certain groups of proteins are very significant in terms of the cow’s antioxidant, bacteriostatic, and germicidal properties: lysozyme (Lz), lactoferrin (Lf), and β-lactoglobulin (BLG). This study aimed to determine the influence of Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Enterobacteriaceae on the secretion of bioactive whey proteins and oxidative stress markers. From the herd, 60 multiparous cows with diagnosed mastitis were selected. Samples were taken individually from each quarter and pooled, which gave 60 samples. Enterobacteriaceae did not affect the BLG synthesis, whereas lysozyme and lactoferrin responded to a high concentration of these bacterial strains. In the case of Staphylococcus spp. infection, the BLG level increased. These strains did not affect the levels of di-malonic aldehyde (MDA), lactoferrin, and lysozyme. In contrast, they were significantly influenced by Streptococcus spp. In summary, the levels of whey proteins and oxidative stress markers changed depending on the bacterial strain inducing inflammation. Lysozyme and lactoferrin may be markers of udder inflammation caused by Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcus spp., whereas β-lactoglobulin may prove useful in diagnosing Staphylococcus spp. induced mastitis.

Effects of dietary plant protein sources intake on growth, digestive enzyme activity, edible tissue nutritional status and intestinal health of the omnivorous Redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus

“…Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from fish in an insalubrious environment by researchers, which indicated that Enterobacteriaceae are potential pathogens and that humans are also at risk of infection after consumption (75,76) . Further studies indicated that Enterobacteriaceae are environmental causative agents of human mastitis (77) . As a result, Redclaw crayfish are cultured in 100 % CM and SM treatment groups, which not only affects their health status but also poses a risk of disease after human consumption.…”

In Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Properties of Nanoparticles as New Agents Used in Teat Sealants for Mastitis Prevention in Dry Cows

“…For this reason, markers for udder inflammation in cows are still being investigated. Some studies have indicated that whey proteins may act as markers [ 24 ], but there are no clear bovine markers that are currently considered to be indicators of developing inflammation in the udder. Somatic cell count (SCC) growth is still the most commonly used symptom for the diagnosis of subclinical inflammation.…”

“…Somatic cell count (SCC) growth is still the most commonly used symptom for the diagnosis of subclinical inflammation. Some of the most promising solutions for prophylaxis of inflammation are plant extracts, fungi extracts, phage therapy, lysozyme, lactoferrin, bacteriocins, and NPs [ 13 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ].…”

Computational repurposing of FDA-approved drugs against specific mastitis-causing pathogens

“…[Gill et al 1990, Chen andAlonzo 2019]. Elevation of SCC in milk is one of the most common indicators used for the assessment of mastitis risk in cattle and to no surprise, the infections caused by the former pathogens are known to elevate the SCC in cattle milk [Bianchi et al 2019, Puppel et al 2020. By far the most common method used by farmers around the globe to combat mastitis is the use of antibiotics, which could be an efficient treatment to cure the infections by such pathogens, however, prolonged use of such antibiotics and their usage in prevention rather than treatment raise the growing issue of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and even the bioconcentration of such therapeutics in the cattle's milk and meat [Pyörälä 2002, Shim et al 2004, Ebrahimi et al 2019.…”

“…Mastitis can be caused by environmental and genetic factors, however, over 90% of the cases are known to be caused by microbial agents (mainly bacterial) like Streptococcus spp., Enterobacteriaceae, or Staphylococcus spp. either directly or through feed, eventually causing pathological lesions and inflammation of the mammary glands [Bianchi et al 2019, Puppel et al 2020]. The immune system in cattle's are more often well suited to defend against most of these pathogens, for example, the lysosome enzyme found in the cattle's milk can also digest the peptidoglycan layer found in most bacteria's, and lactoferrin (a glycoprotein), found in milk and other secretions of the cattle, can also kill some bacteria's by hindering their iron intake pathways, however, pathogens as well develop sophisticated mechanisms to combat such defense responses, recent studies showed that lipase enzymes secreted by Staphylococcus aureus play a major role in the evasion of the immune system in cattle by hydrolyzing the bacterial-derived lipoproteins thereby promoting their survival in the cattle's mammary glands [Pyörälä 2002, Chen andAlonzo 2019].…”