The effect of sporting success and management failure on attendance demand in the Bundesliga: a revealed and stated preference travel cost approach

Wicker, Pamela; Whitehead, John C.; Johnson, Bruce K.; Mason, Daniel S.

doi:10.1080/00036846.2017.1305090

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…Finally, a three-period pseudo-vertical panel was created and two dummy variables were calculated, which represent the stated preference data without the free parking scenario ( Stated preference ) and with the free parking scenario ( Free parking ) ( n = 4,956, t = 3). This empirical approach follows previous CBM studies (Whitehead & Wicker, 2018; Wicker et al, 2017) and uses a panel logit model with a cross-section of the same individuals over three time periods. Moreover, a usage variable ( Usage ) was calculated that combines past travel behavior, general usage likelihood, and environmentally-friendly travel and has the value of 1 if respondents used or would use a bicycle or an e-scooter to travel to the stadium and 0 otherwise.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmentally-Friendly Stadium Travel of Football Fans: A Stated Preferences Study

Thormann,

Wicker

2023

Journal of Sports Economics

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Drawing on a rational choice framework, this study investigates fans’ stated preferences for (more) environmentally-friendly stadium travel (bicycles/e-scooters) on game days. Data from fans of a German Football Bundesliga club were collected using an online survey in 2021 ( n = 1,652). Travel preferences were assessed using the contingent behavior method. The results of regression analyses indicate that the likelihood of using environmentally-friendly transportation means increases with perceived benefits, while perceived costs decrease this likelihood. Specifically, perceived environmental benefits and being an environmental role model had a positive effect, while monetary, convenience, and time-related costs had a negative effect.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmentally-Friendly Stadium Travel of Football Fans: A Stated Preferences Study

Thormann,

Wicker

2023

Journal of Sports Economics

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“…The combination of two (or more) methods is used to combat select weaknesses of one method with select strengths of another approach (Whitehead et al, 2013 ). Within sport management research, three types of hybrid methods have been used, all in combination with the travel cost method : (1) contingent valuation method (e.g., Vial and Barget, 2021 ); (2) contingent behavior method (e.g., Wicker et al, 2017 ); and (3) choice modeling (e.g., Paulrud and Laitila, 2004 ; Orlowski and Wicker, 2019 ). However, since the individual methods which comprise present hybrid methods did not meet the selection criteria needed for the present study (i.e., travel cost method, contingent valuation method, contingent behavior method, choice modeling ), their combination would also not meet the selection criteria needed.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining Monetary Valuation Methods to Analyze Residents' Social Value From Hosting a Publicly-Funded Major Sport Event

Bakhsh

Taks

Parent

2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Measuring residents' social value from hosting major sport events has become a popular practitioner and researcher focus. However, researchers have used a plethora of monetary valuation methods to measure social value on an equally diverse set of events. Rather than being applied to major sport events, the use of these methods in sport research has been limited to smaller events, programs, or facilities. Consequently, investigating monetary valuation methods for major sport events is necessary to inform practitioners and researchers of these types of events as to which tool(s) to use. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate various monetary valuation methods to determine which method(s) is(are) best to examine residents' social value in a post-event context and test the selected method(s) for the 2010 Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver, Canada. After reviewing monetary valuation methods found in the sport management literature, two methods were deemed suitable avenues to pursue: the reverse contingent valuation method and the opportunity cost approach. This study employed an exploratory sequential mixed methods design to derive a conceptual and empirical analysis. Interviews were conducted with 14 Vancouver residents and supplemented with document analysis; as well, 525 Vancouver residents completed a self-administered online survey. Findings highlighted the importance of using both the reverse contingent valuation method and opportunity cost approach given their complementary nature. The reverse contingent valuation method allowed residents to select how much they valued their experience. This individual or micro-economic perspective is a necessary prerequisite for residents to adequately determine their value of hosting in relation to other options (e.g., building hospitals, having professional sport teams) when applying the opportunity cost approach, which asks residents to reflect at societal or macro-economic level. This synergistic approach demonstrates the importance of addressing both perspectives: the micro (i.e., individual exchange) and the macro (i.e., event exchange) aspect. In doing so, this approach offers researchers and practitioners avenues forward to examine the social value of publicly-funded major sport events exclusively through a direct, an indirect, and a synergistic method to advance the examination of major sport events' social value.

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“…CBM is a stated preference approach that asks how respondents would change their behavior as a result of hypothetical changes in circumstances (Whitehead et al, ). This method has been applied in several areas of sport‐related travel, including the demand for league games (Whitehead et al, ; Wicker, Whitehead, Johnson, & Mason, ) and the intention to revisit a participatory sport event (Whitehead et al, ; Whitehead & Wicker, ). The present research uses CBM to elicit respondents' WTT by assessing their intention to revisit the event contingent on different additional travel distances.…”

Section: Conceptual Framework and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valuing nonmarket benefits of participatory sport events using willingness to travel: Payment card versus random selection with mitigation of hypothetical bias

Whitehead

Wicker

2018

Journal of Tourism Research

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This study estimates the monetary value of nonmarket benefits to participants of a cycling event using a willingness to travel question. It compares different question formats and types of data. Using 3 years of data (2014-2016) from a postrace survey (n = 976), the results show that the random selection format produces 2.1 (stated preference data) and 2.5 times (revealed preference data) higher monetary values than the payment card. The magnitude of hypothetical bias, that is, the extent to which respondents overestimate their return visitation, is 21%. Hence, monetary values are highly sensitive to question formats and types of data. KEYWORDS contingent behavior method, intention to revisit, sport tourism, tourism economics, travel cost, willingness to pay

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The effect of sporting success and management failure on attendance demand in the Bundesliga: a revealed and stated preference travel cost approach

Cited by 9 publications

References 44 publications

Environmentally-Friendly Stadium Travel of Football Fans: A Stated Preferences Study

Environmentally-Friendly Stadium Travel of Football Fans: A Stated Preferences Study

Examining Monetary Valuation Methods to Analyze Residents' Social Value From Hosting a Publicly-Funded Major Sport Event

Valuing nonmarket benefits of participatory sport events using willingness to travel: Payment card versus random selection with mitigation of hypothetical bias

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