The effect of spinning speed and drawing temperature on structure and properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) yarns

Huisman, R.; Heuvel, H. M.

doi:10.1002/app.1989.070370302

Cited by 56 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…It is generally believed that in PET yarns shrinkage is a unique function of the product of amorphous volume fraction and amorphous orientation factor. 37 When the thermal shrinkage is plotted as a function of (1-X c ) fam, where X c is the crystalline fraction and fam the amorphous orientation factor, the two sets of samples appear to form two distinct populations (Fig. 4) showing that for the same value of (1-X c ) fam, the tautannealed samples show a higher shrinkage than the free-annealed samples.…”

Section: Thermal Shrinkagementioning

confidence: 97%

Heat setting

Gupta¹

2001

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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As-manufactured polymeric fibers are oriented semi-crystalline structures in which the macromolecules are rarely in their equilibrium state. Further instabilities are imparted when the fibers are converted to yarns and the yarns to fabrics. Heat setting is an important industrial process, since it rids them of their instabilities. This review article first considers aspects that are relevant to the broad area of heat setting, viz., the origin of instability, the durability of set, thermal and dynamic mechanical transitions, thermodynamic basis of setting, shrinkage and shrinkage stress, and characterization of the degree of set. The heat setting of major thermoplastic fibers, viz., polyester, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene, and polyethylene has been described in terms of the conditions of heat setting, the structural and morphological changes that occur on heat setting, and the changes in their physical properties. It is shown that heat setting affects such important properties as stress-strain and recovery behavior, dye-uptake, optical properties, and thermal properties. The structural and morphological changes have been described in terms of changes in crystallinity, crystal size and their size distribution, crystal defects, crystal orientation, the nature of the amorphous phase and its orientation, the coupling of the crystalline and amorphous phases, etc. The structural basis of property changes is then discussed.

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Section: Thermal Shrinkagementioning

confidence: 97%

Heat setting

Gupta¹

2001

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…These morphological effects appear to be particularly important for semicrystalline polymer fibers, where comparatively small structural changes lead to differences in important properties such as strength, modulus, thermal shrinkage, fatigue resistance, and diffusion properties. [1][2][3][4][5] Quantitative characterization of the semicrystalline structure is, therefore, of a great importance to advance our understanding of fiber properties. In this respect, the fraction of crystalline material (i.e., crystallinity) is probably one of the most important morphological parameters, Summary: The phase composition and molecular mobility of Nylon 6 fibers has been studied using 1 H solid-state NMR transverse magnetization relaxation (T 2 relaxation) spectroscopy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Composition and Molecular Mobility in Nylon 6 Fibers as Studied by Proton NMR Transverse Magnetization Relaxation

Litvinov

Penning

2004

Macro Chemistry & Physics

129

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Summary: The phase composition and molecular mobility of Nylon 6 fibers has been studied using 1H solid‐state NMR transverse magnetization relaxation (T2 relaxation) spectroscopy. One of the objectives of this work is to determine the usefulness of the NMR relaxation method to accurately determine the crystallinity of Nylon 6 fibers. The NMR relaxation results have been interpreted using a three‐phase model, which is proposed on the basis of distinct differences in chain mobility in the crystalline phase, the semi‐rigid crystal‐amorphous interface, and the soft amorphous phase. In order to obtain accurate data on the phase composition, the effects of absorbed water and annealing of fibers at elevated temperatures were studied in detail. It was shown that water mainly plasticizes the soft fraction of the amorphous phase. Changes in the phase composition and molecular mobility caused by fiber annealing at elevated temperatures were studied with real‐time NMR T2 relaxation experiments. The most pronounced annealing effects (changes in the phase composition) were observed for undrawn fibers with low molecular orientation. Annealing slows down for fibers produced at larger winding speed and especially those with a high draw ratio. Fiber processing conditions, i.e., winding speed and draw ratio, are found to affect the phase composition and molecular mobility in different phases. It was shown that the present NMR relaxation method provides a fast and accurate technique to analyze the phase composition of Nylon 6 fibers. The amount of rigid phase determined from NMR is in good agreement with the crystallinity of the fiber obtained using the traditional method for Nylon 6 fibers, which involves a combination of density measurement, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Hence, the present NMR relaxation method greatly simplifies measurement of crystallinity in Nylon 6 fibers.The effect of draw ratio on the phase composition in Nylon 6 fibers as studied by NMR and the traditional method.magnified imageThe effect of draw ratio on the phase composition in Nylon 6 fibers as studied by NMR and the traditional method.

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“…In the above-mentioned papers the Raman spectra are related to the structural parameters of PET. From previous studies it is also known that the (thermo-)mechanical properties are determined by the physical structure of the yarn (Heuvel et a/. Huisman and Heuvel, 1989;de Weijer, 1995). In the study presented from our laboratories we determine a (thenno-)mechanical property (SHA190) of PET directly from the Raman spectrum.…”

Section: Raman Spectroscopy On Petmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The dimensional stability is expressed as the percentage shrinkage after heat treatment in hot air at 190'C without any tension (SHA190). The yarn shrinkage is proportional to the amount of amorphous material and to the orientation of the polymer chains in the amorphous regions (Huisman and Heuvel, 1989).…”

Section: Crystalline Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Computation and Process Modeling in the High-performance Fiber Plant

Weijer¹,

Swierenga²

2000

Journal of the Textile Institute

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Modern fiber processes are capable of generating huge amounts of process data, especially with the increased use of in-line sensors, chemical analyzers and instrumentation. The driving force for snch measurements is the potential use in process control and product quality assessment. Process response databases are often extremely large in size, highly complex and non-selective. Novel adaptive learning techniques like artificial neural networks may provide a solution to assimilate on-line measured process-and property-data to relevant information, in order to maintain the process under control. In this century, advanced statistical techniques and new adaptive computation techniques will be tbe leading techniques in data analysis and will become an essential part of daily operations in tbe bigh-performance fiber plant.

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The effect of spinning speed and drawing temperature on structure and properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) yarns

Cited by 56 publications

References 7 publications

Heat setting

Heat setting

Phase Composition and Molecular Mobility in Nylon 6 Fibers as Studied by Proton NMR Transverse Magnetization Relaxation

Natural Computation and Process Modeling in the High-performance Fiber Plant

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