The Effect of Smoking and Respiration of Carbon Monoxide among Active Smokers in Palembang, Indonesia

Abstract

Smoking leads to disease and disability as well as harm nearly every organ of the body. Furthermore, smoking of tobacco is known to cause pulmonary dysfunction and lead to complications, pain, or even death. This study aims to measure the risk factors for the respiration of carbon monoxide among smokers. A cross-sectional design was implemented by involving 156 smokers in Karyajaya Subdistrict, Palembang City. The dependent variable was carbon monoxide levels (ppm), while the independent variables were smoking frequency, duration, and the last period of smoking. The carbon monoxide levels (ppm) measured with a PiCO + Smokerlyzer® device from Bedfont Scientific Limited were the research tool and the independent variables of the questionnaire. The pearson Correlation and multiple linear regression were used for the analysis. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis revealed that smoking duration assessment is related to carbon monoxide respiration after controlling smoking frequency, the last period of smoking, and the distance of residence to sources of exposure. The smoker's respiration of carbon monoxide level was 72.5% influenced by the duration, frequency, last period of smoking, and distance of residence to sources of exposure. Reducing the frequency of smoking and stopping may prevent and control carbon monoxide respiration.

The Dangers of Cigarette Smoke and the Role of Guided Inquiry for Prevention and Other Prevention

“…In the smoker group, there was moderate to severe restrictive lung capacity; in the nonsmoker group, there was none. This is also in line with Sitorus et al (2021) research showing that smokers' lung capacity also experiences a decrease in %FVC and %FEV1, respectively 90.48% and 96.83% in active smokers. So the more active smoke, the absorption of calories will decrease, affecting the value of a smoker's lung capacity (Indraswari et al, 2018).…”

Evaluation of the Effects of E-Cigarette Aerosol Extracts and Tobacco Cigarette Smoke Extracts on Human Gingival Epithelial Cells

“… 54 Carbon monoxide produced by cigarette smoke binds to hemoglobin and reduces the ability to transport oxygen, thereby affecting the function of cells or tissues. 55 Cigarettes and e-cigarettes not only contain nicotine but also produce carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde and acrolein when burned. 56 Studies have shown that formaldehyde and acrolein can damage cellular DNA and induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.…”

“…Studies have shown that the higher the tar content, the greater the risk of lung cancer . Carbon monoxide produced by cigarette smoke binds to hemoglobin and reduces the ability to transport oxygen, thereby affecting the function of cells or tissues . Cigarettes and e-cigarettes not only contain nicotine but also produce carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde and acrolein when burned .…”