The effect of SiO2 filler content and its organic compatibility on thermal stability of epoxy resin

Afzal, Adeel; Siddiqi, Humaira M.; Iqbal, Naseer; Ahmad, Zahoor

doi:10.1007/s10973-012-2267-9

Cited by 44 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In their work, the effect of silica led to an improvement of the thermal stability verified with TGA. The same results were found by Afzal and co‐workers . Chen et al .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…In their work, the effect of silica led to an improvement of the thermal stability verified with TGA. The same results were found by Afzal and co-workers [36]. Chen et al [37] showed that there was almost no change in the decomposition temperatures for the nanocomposite tested by TGA, but the char yield increased as more silica was added.Nanosized Al 2 O 3 was also tested as a potential flame retardant.…”

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confidence: 85%

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Effect of alumina nanoparticles on the thermal properties of carbon fibre‐reinforced composites

et al. 2013

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In this work, we investigated the thermal behaviour of a carbon‐fibre composite impregnated with nano‐alumina‐based nanocomposites. First of all, we demonstrated that it is possible to obtain good dispersion and distribution of nanoparticles by mechanical mixing. In all the studied filler percentages, the presence of the ceramic filler did not affect the processability of the blends and the mechanical properties of the composites. First, the thermal stability of the nanocomposites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Then, the fire reaction of the fibre‐reinforced composites was studied at different heat fluxes, by TGA, cone calorimeter and exposure to a direct flame. In presence of an oxidizing hyperthermal environment, the experimental data suggested the role of ceramic particles as anti‐oxidizer agent for the char and the carbon fibres. Moreover, the use of alumina nanoparticles allowed a slight reduction of heat release rate. Particularly at a heat flux of 35 kW/m2, the burnt material containing the higher quantity of nano‐alumina maintained a residual structural integrity because of the higher presence of char that bound together the fibres. To estimate the integrity of the composites after exposure to a direct flame (heat flux 500 kW/m2), mechanical tests were carried out on the burnt specimens. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…In their work, the effect of silica led to an improvement of the thermal stability verified with TGA. The same results were found by Afzal and co‐workers . Chen et al .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 88%

supporting

confidence: 85%

Effect of alumina nanoparticles on the thermal properties of carbon fibre‐reinforced composites

et al. 2013

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“…The organic/inorganic hybrid materials usually consist of nanostructured domains of the inorganic filler, homogeneously dispersed in the polymer matrix [10]. Epoxy/ silica hybrids may be prepared by simply dispersing preformed silica particles or (better) by promoting the "in-situ" formation of a silicate phase through sol-gel chemistry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of post cure treatment in the glass transformation range on the structure and fire behavior of in situ generated silica/epoxy hybrids

Bifulco

Tescione

Capasso

et al. 2018

J Sol-Gel Sci Technol

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Effects of post cure treatment in the glass transformation range on the structure and fire behavior of in situ generated silica/epoxy hybrids Abstract A new "in situ" sol-gel synthesis procedure was exploited to produce silica/epoxy nanocomposites with 6 wt.% maximum silica content. 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) was used as a coupling agent. The experimental results (fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, small-angle X-ray scattering, SAXS, transmission electron microscopy, TEM, nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR, and dynamic mechanical analysis, DMA) support that the structure consists of nanosized silica particles (maximum 1.25 nm in size) embedded in a hybrid co-continuous network. A post cure non-isothermal heating from 15 to 100°C (beyond the Tg of the neat epoxy) caused Tg and storage modulus to increase. The fire behavior, that, owing to severe regulations (i.e., in aerospace engineering), often prevents composites applications, was also studied. The formed silica domains prevented melt dripping phenomena during vertical flame spread tests. Cone calorimetry tests showed a remarkable decrease of the heat release rate (HRR) for all the hybrid systems with respect to the neat cured resin, even at very low silica loadings (i.e., 2 wt.%). This decrease was much more pronounced for the hybrid structures that were not subjected to the post cure thermal treatment. The use of multiple structural investigation techniques allowed to choose among multiple hypothesis and conclude that nanoparticles clustering is the main reason of the effects of the post curing treatments. Graphical Abstract SAXS of the samples before (EPO) and after (EPO_t) post cure thermal treatment in the glass transformation range. Effect of the post cure on the glass transformation temperature (Tg) and heat release rate (HRR) Photos of samples EPO and EPO 2% Si after vertical flame spread tests Highlights• A hybrid co-continuous network embedding nanoparticles (maximum 1.25 nm in size) was obtained;• A post-cure was performed above the glass transformation temperature, T g , of neat epoxy;• The post cure makes T g , storage modulus and Heat Release Rate (HRR) to increase;• No dripping in flame test and up to 40% HRR reduction for only 2 wt.% silica content is observed;• The post cure effects depend on nanoparticles clustering in the glass transformation range.

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“…This can be ensured by analyzing FT‐IR peaks which was represented in Figure B,C. As the process of curing proceeded by the reaction of epoxy resin with primary amine hydrogen which further reacts with secondary amine hydrogen followed by reaction with epoxy groups to form tertiary amine . Possible reaction mechanism was represented in the Scheme .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on mechanical, thermal, and flame retardant properties of particulate SiO₂ reinforced cardanol based composites

Thenmozhi

Murugavel

2019

Polymer Composites

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Cardanol based epoxy thermosets and particulate SiO2 incorporated composite systems were developed by blending various ratios of commercial diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA) with epoxidized cardanol (EPC) using melt mixing method followed by sonication. Physico chemical properties of the prepared resins were studied. Various percentage of SiO2 was incorporated in to the resin system [15% EPC + 85% DGEBA] (BEPC1)] to improve their thermo mechanical properties. The effect of loading content on the curing behavior, mechanical, and thermal properties were investigated by FT‐IR, mechanical tests, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Particle size and dispersion probability of SiO2 in the composites were studied by field emission scanning electron microscope. These studies showed that 1% SiO2 reinforced BEPC1 matrix system were effective in enhancing mechanical strength and thermal stability of composites. The prominent char residue value obtained in the TGA analysis predicted the good flame retardant property of the developed composite. This was evidenced in UL‐94 test and limited oxygen index (LOI) determination.

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The effect of SiO2 filler content and its organic compatibility on thermal stability of epoxy resin

Cited by 44 publications

References 20 publications

Effect of alumina nanoparticles on the thermal properties of carbon fibre‐reinforced composites

Effect of alumina nanoparticles on the thermal properties of carbon fibre‐reinforced composites

Effects of post cure treatment in the glass transformation range on the structure and fire behavior of in situ generated silica/epoxy hybrids

Investigation on mechanical, thermal, and flame retardant properties of particulate SiO₂ reinforced cardanol based composites

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The effect of SiO2 filler content and its organic compatibility on thermal stability of epoxy resin

Cited by 44 publications

References 20 publications

Effect of alumina nanoparticles on the thermal properties of carbon fibre‐reinforced composites

Effect of alumina nanoparticles on the thermal properties of carbon fibre‐reinforced composites

Effects of post cure treatment in the glass transformation range on the structure and fire behavior of in situ generated silica/epoxy hybrids

Investigation on mechanical, thermal, and flame retardant properties of particulate SiO2 reinforced cardanol based composites

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Product

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Investigation on mechanical, thermal, and flame retardant properties of particulate SiO₂ reinforced cardanol based composites