The Effect of Short- and Long-Term Aerobic Training Years on Systemic O2 Utilization, and Muscle and Prefrontal Cortex Tissue Oxygen Extraction in Young Women

Abstract

This study aimed to determine if systemic O2 utilization (V[Combining Dot Above]O2) and tissue oxygen extraction (deoxyhemoglobin [HHb]) in the vastus lateralis (VL), gastrocnemius (GAST) and pre-frontal cortex (PFC) were different during exercise between short-term trained (STT 6 - 24 months) and long-term trained (LTT > 5 yr) young women while controlling for current training load. Thirteen STT and 13 LTT participants completed ramp incremental (RI) and square-wave constant load (SWCL) tests on a cycle ergometer. In LTT compared to STT: (i) V[Combining Dot Above]O2 was higher during the RI (p = 0.024) and SWCL (p = 0.001) tests; (ii) HHb in the VL (p = 0.044) and GAST (p = 0.027) was higher in the RI test; and (iii) there were significant group x intensity interactions for V[Combining Dot Above]O2 in the SWCL test. The additional years of aerobic training in LTT compared to STT (LTT 7.1 ± 1.9 vs STT 1.5 ± 0.4 yr) resulted in higher V[Combining Dot Above]O2, and HHb in the VL and GAST. These results indicate that in young women, independent of current training load, systemic V[Combining Dot Above]O2 and peripheral muscle O2 extraction during exercise continues to increase beyond 24 months of aerobic training.

Cerebral and muscle tissue oxygenation during exercise in healthy adults: A systematic review

“…The sample size varied between 1 and 28 participants (median = 12). Ten studies recruited only male participants, 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 4 studies only female, 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 and 5 studies recruited both sexes. 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 One study did not report the sex.…”

“… 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 One study did not report the sex. 57 Six studies mentioned that participants were physically active, 39 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 47 , 52 7 studies did not specify the level of physical activity, 41 , 43 , 45 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 3 studies included both short-term and long-term aerobically trained participants, 38 , 48 , 49 1 study included cyclists, 57 1 study well-trained cyclists or triathletes, 46 1 study elite synchronized swimmers, 50 and 1 sub-elite futsal players. 51 Different types of exercises were used to assess cerebral and muscle hemodynamic changes, such as cycling, 38 , 39 , 42 , 44 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 53 , 55 , 57 treadmill, 45 knee extension, 40 , 41 , 51 , 54 , 56 isometric contraction of the biceps brachii (BB), 41 , 43 , 52 and duet swim routines.…”

“…Thus, the delta (∆ = NIRS data during exercise – NIRS data during baseline) was considered in all analyses. In the cerebral measurements, 11 studies evaluated only the left PFC, 38 , 40 , 41 , 44 , 46 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 54 , 57 3 studies assessed the right PFC, 39 , 43 , 55 1 study evaluated the right frontal cortex, 45 1 study assessed both left and right PFC, 51 1 study assessed the PFC (without specifying the hemisphere) and motor cortex, 47 1 study evaluated the contra-lateral frontal lobe, 56 1 study assessed the frontal cortex, 42 and 1 study evaluated the midline forehead. 53 In the muscular measurements, 11 studies different sets were used in the optodes placement: (a) 6 studies placed them in the right vastus lateralis (VL); 39 , 46 , 47 , 50 , 51 , 57 (b) 2 studies in the VL without specifying the body side; 40 , 42 (c) 2 studies in the dominant VL; 54 , 56 (d) 2 studies in both left and right VL; 44 (e) 2 studies in the left VL and left gastrocnemius; 38 , 48 (f) 2 studies in both right VL and right BB; 45 , 55 (g) 1 study in the BB and dominant VL; 41 (h) 1 study in the left BB; 43 (i) 1 study in both left and right VL and left gastrocnemius; 49 (j) 1 study in the right BB; 52 and (k) 1 study in the left VL, left deltoid, and intercostal muscle.…”

“…DPF is a multiplicative correction factor that accounts for the mean optical pathlength the light travels within the tissue to the light source-detector separation distance. 7 , 58 In the cerebral analysis, 5 studies reported the DPF: 4 studies used age-dependent factor 45 , 48 , 49 , 55 and 1 study used 5.93. 57 In the muscle analysis, 3 studies reported the DPF: 2 studies used 5.51 (for the leg) and 4.16 (for the arm), 45 , 55 and 1 used 3.83 57 as the factor.…”

“…Sixteen studies analyzed [HHb], 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 51 , 52 , 55 , 57 13 studies analyzed [HbO 2 ], 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 51 , 52 , 55 , 57 12 studies analyzed [tHb], 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 51 , 52 , 55 8 studies analyzed TSI, 39 , 40 , 41 , 44 , 45 , 50 , 51 , 55 2 studies analyzed [Hb diff ], 46 , 52 2 studies analyzed cerebral and muscle blood volume and oxygenation, 54 , 56 and 1 study analyzed O 2 extraction 53 as outcome for both cerebral and muscular measurements.…”