The Effect of Selected Dental Materials Used in Conservative Dentistry, Endodontics, Surgery, and Orthodontics as Well as during the Periodontal Treatment on the Redox Balance in the Oral Cavity

Zieniewska, Izabela; Maciejczyk, Mateusz

doi:10.3390/ijms21249684

Cited by 31 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…This suggests a negligible effect of salivary hypofunction on salivary TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 levels. Nevertheless, aging, medications, diet supplements, smoking, as well as oral and systemic diseases can also modify the cytokine profile of saliva 89 – 91 . At this time, it is important to emphasize the careful selection of the control group in the presented study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary cytokine profile in patients with ischemic stroke

Maciejczyk

Mil

Gerreth

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Inflammation plays a crucial role in stroke pathogenesis. Thus, it is not surprising that cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors have been advocated in stroke diagnostics. Our study is the first to evaluate the salivary cytokine profile in patients with ischemic stroke. Twenty-five patients with subacute ischemic stroke and an age-, sex-, and oral hygiene status-matched control group were enrolled in the study. The number of patients was set a priori based on our previous experiment (α = 0.05, test power = 0.9). Salivary concentrations of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were assessed using an ELISA method. We showed that salivary TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly higher, whereas IL-10 content was statistically lower in both non-stimulated (NWS) and stimulated (SWS) whole saliva of ischemic stroke patients. However, evaluation of cytokines in NWS rather than in SWS may be of greater diagnostic value. Of particular note is salivary TNF-α, which may indicate cognitive/physical impairment in post-stroke individuals. This parameter distinguishes stroke patients from healthy controls and correlates with cognitive decline and severity of functional impairment. It also differentiates (with high sensitivity and specificity) stroke patients with normal cognition from mild to moderate cognitive impairment. Saliva may be an alternative to blood for assessing cytokines in stroke patients, although further studies on a larger patient population are needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary cytokine profile in patients with ischemic stroke

Maciejczyk

Mil

Gerreth

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…Analysis of the results obtained in plasma and red cell lysate revealed a signi cant decrease in SOD and GPx activity (∃17%, ∃39%, respectively), increase in CAT activity (#17%), decrease in the concentration of non-enzymatic antioxidants (∃38% UA, ∃25% GSH, ∃39% TAC) and the existence of general OS (#95% TOS, #227% OSI, #26% MDA, #47% AGE, #42% AOPP) and nitrosative stress (#4% peroxynitrite, #94% nitrotyrosine). TAC is the resultant capacity of a given biological material to counteract speci c oxidation reactions 32 . It is believed that TAC level corresponds to the antioxidant capacity of non-enzymatic antioxidants in the sample.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alzheimer’s Disease Results in Salivary Redox Imbalance Towards Oxidation Reactions

Zalewska

Klimiuk

Zięba

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with the deposition of β-amyloid in the brain. AD accounts for over 50% of cases of dementia which results from disturbances in redox homeostasis. Indeed, increased intensity of protein oxidation and nitration as well as lipid peroxidation is observed in brain areas with considerable amounts of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. However, little is known about the oxidoreductive balance of salivary glands in AD patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant barrier and oxidative/nitrosative stress biomarkers in stimulated saliva and blood of AD patients. The study was participated by 25 AD patients and 25 non-demented controls without neurological diseases or cognitive impairment, matched by age and gender to the study group. The number of patients was determined based on a previous pilot study (test power = 0.9). We found a significant decrease in the activity of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), increased activity of catalase (CAT) and reduced concentration of plasma non-enzymatic antioxidants (uric acid, UA and reduced glutathione, GSH). In contrast, in the stimulated saliva of AD patients we observed significantly decreased activity of all antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx) as well as concentration of GSH compared to the control group. The content of lipid (malondialdehyde, MDA) and protein (advanced oxidation protein products, AOPP; advanced glycation end-products, AGE) oxidation products as well as biomarkers of nitrosative stress (peroxynitrite, nitrotyrosine) was significantly higher in both saliva and plasma of AD patients compared to the controls. In AD patients, we also observed a considerable decrease in stimulated saliva secretion and salivary total protein content, and an increase in salivary β-amyloid concentration.In conclusion, AD results in redox imbalance towards oxidative reactions, both at the level of the oral cavity and the entire body. General redox balance disturbances do not coincide with salivary redox balance disturbances. Reduction in stimulated saliva secretion in AD patients reflects secretory dysfunction of the parotid glands.

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“…Antioxidant enzymes (salivary peroxidase system (Px), lactoperoxidase, myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), or catalase (CAT)) as well as low molecular weight nonenzymatic antioxidants (uric acid (UA), reduced glutathione (GSH), albumin, or vitamin C) are the first line of defense against oxygen free radicals [ 62 – 64 ]. The oral cavity is the only place in the body that is exposed to so many environmental factors such as air pollutants, xenobiotics, stimulants, or dental materials/treatments [ 65 – 67 ]. Although many external factors can affect the redox homeostasis of saliva, its composition is not significantly different from blood serum and plasma [ 68 – 70 ].…”

Section: Saliva As a Source Of Redox And Inflammatory Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, it has been shown that dental treatment, as well as materials used, different xenobiotics, e.g., tobacco use, ethanol or drugs, physical exercises, and food (i.e., chronic high-fat/high-carbohydrate/high-protein diet) may induce oxidative stress [ 65 – 67 , 165 , 210 ]. Needless to say, the oral cavity is a unique part of the body subjected to numerous environmental factors.…”

Section: Limitations Of Salivary Redox and Inflammatory Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Stroke Patients: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice

Maciejczyk

Bielas

Gerreth

2021

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Cerebral stroke is a serious worldwide health problem, as can be seen by the global epidemic of the disease. In this disorder, when the blood flow is compromised by ruptures or blocked arteries, sudden death of neurons is observed as a result of a lack of oxygen and nutrients. Numerous severe problems and frequent complications also exist in stroke patients; therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic, diagnostic, and prognostic methods for the disease. At present, the diagnosis of stroke is based on a neurological examination, medical history, and neuroimaging, due to the fact that rapid and noninvasive diagnostic tests are unavailable. Nevertheless, oxidative stress and inflammation are considered key factors in stroke pathogenesis. Oxygen free radicals are responsible for oxidation of lipids, proteins, and DNA/RNA, which in turn contributes to oxidative damage of the brain. Toxic products of the oxidation reactions act cytostatically on the cell by damaging cell membranes and leading to neuronal death by apoptosis or necrosis. Thus, it seems that redox/inflammatory biomarkers might be used in the diagnosis of the disease. Nowadays, saliva is of increasing interest in clinical laboratory medicine. Redox biomarkers could be obtained easily, noninvasively, cheaply, and stress-free from saliva. This minireview is aimed at presenting the current knowledge concerning the use of salivary biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in the diagnosis and prognosis of stroke.

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The Effect of Selected Dental Materials Used in Conservative Dentistry, Endodontics, Surgery, and Orthodontics as Well as during the Periodontal Treatment on the Redox Balance in the Oral Cavity

Cited by 31 publications

References 128 publications

Salivary cytokine profile in patients with ischemic stroke

Salivary cytokine profile in patients with ischemic stroke

Alzheimer’s Disease Results in Salivary Redox Imbalance Towards Oxidation Reactions

Salivary Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Stroke Patients: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice

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