The Effect of Seabed Backscattering Variability on the Probability of Detection and on The Performance of Seabed Classification Algorithms

Temporal Variability of High Frequency Seafloor Acoustic Backscatter From a Sandy Site in the Gulf of Maine

“…4b). A study done by Pouliquen et al 12 found that near bed hydrodynamics tends to smooth seafloor roughness at acoustically relevant scales leading to decreases in SS. Biological activity tends to roughen the seafloor at acoustically relevant scales resulting in increases of SS 12 .…”

“…Following a large storm event on March 14th (Fig. 4a), S b increased which may have been a result of biological activity roughening the surface 12 . Following lows in February SS increased and then stayed consistently around -22 dB from April onward.…”

“…High energy events that occur on various timescales (seconds to years) are known to alter the parameters that affect SS 4,9 . Seafloor roughness is an important driver of temporal SS change 12 . For example, near bed hydrodynamics caused by storms can alter seafloor roughness.…”

Advances in high-resolution seafloor characterization in support of high-frequency underwater acoustics studies: techniques and examples

“…Several seafloor scattering and penetration experiments have made use of photogrammetry techniques [1,4,42,[48][49][50][51][52]. Since 1997, the SACLANT Undersea Research Centre (now the NATO Undersea Research Centre) has been developing and improving a digital stereo-photogrammetry system able to retrieve two-dimensional patches of the bottom interface height of a size of about 1 × 2 m 2 with a spatial sampling resolution less than a millimetre.…”

“…An interesting application of the photogrammetry system made possible by the ease of automation inherent in a fully digital system is the study of changes in roughness over an extended period of time [50]. As discussed above, changes in roughness have the potential to make a buried object visible or invisible, for example, by erasing ripple structure and the associated diffraction of the acoustic field.…”