The effect of ruthenium substitution on the optical and magnetic properties of zinc ferrite nanoparticles

Fabrication, characterization, and antibacterial activity of ferrite, chromite, and aluminate nanoparticles

“…Samples F, C, and A exhibit direct E g values of 2.967, 2.429, and 2.355 eV, respectively. The obtained values confirm with those reported in literatures [56,93,95]. Several factors can affect E g , for instance, crystalline size, presence of impurities, and structural considerations [96].…”

“…Moreover, the optical properties of NPs could influence their antibacterial activity. For instance, the higher absorbance peak intensity led to more production of excitons, more ROS generation, strengthening the inhibitory effect [93,94]. Sagayaraj et al [132] revealed an inverse relationship between E g and antibacterial activity, which is consistent with our findings.…”

“…The obtained M s , M r , and H c values are in agreement with those stated in literatures [16,21,96]. By comparing the M s values of all samples, the highest value is found in sample F due to the strong exchange interaction of Fe 3+ between O h and T d sites which improves the magnetization [93]. The M s of spinel ferrites is strongly dependent on the cation distribution [76].…”

“…Moreover, the intensity of the absorbance peak is highest for sample A and lowest for sample F. The higher absorbance peak intensity indicates the more free excitons are created, which is beneficial for bacterial growth inhibition [93,94]. Furthermore, the energy gap (E g ) of the tested samples can be calculated using Tauc's equation [93]:…”

“…The magnetic behavior can be influenced by the grain/crystallite size, the distribution of cations, and the creation of a secondary phase [116]. The FM behavior in ferrite NPs may originate from the disordering of cations coming from the powerful interaction of Fe 3+ ions between O h and T d sites [93]. Similarly, the FM phase of chromite NPs can be created from the cationic disorder [16].…”